Mary Parker Follett Quotes Management, Power Dynamics

Mary Parker Follett was called the prophet of management by Peter Drucker. She was a pioneer in management thinking. Her 1918 and 1924 books laid the groundwork for many later theorists who stressed human relations over the time-and-measurement approach of Taylor and the Gilbreths. Here are some of her words from these books and other writings: Selected Mary Parker Follett Quotations †¢ To free the energies of the human spirit is the high potentiality of all human association. †¢ The group process contains the secret of collective life, it is the key to democracy, it is the master lesson for every individual to learn, it is our chief hope or the political, the social, the international life of the future. †¢ The study of human relations in business and the study of the technology of operating are bound up together. †¢ We can never wholly separate the human from the mechanical side. †¢ It seems to me that whereas power usually means power-over, the power of some person or group over some other person or group, it is possible to develop the conception of power-with, a jointly developed power, a co-active, not a coercive power. †¢ Coercive power is the curse of the universe; coactive power, the enrichment and advancement of every human soul. †¢ I do not think we shall ever get rid of power-over; I do think we should try to reduce it. †¢ I do not think that power can be delegated because I believe that genuine power is capacity. †¢ Do we not see now that while there are many ways of gaining an external, an arbitrary power —- through brute strength, through manipulation, through diplomacy —- genuine power is always that which inheres in the situation? †¢ Power is not a pre-existing thing which can be handed out to someone, or wrenched from someone. †¢ In social relations power is a centripedial self-developing. Power is the legitimate, the inevitable, outcome of the life-process. We can always test the validity of power by asking whether it is integral to the process or outside the process. †¢ [T]he aim of every form of organization, should be not to share power, but to increase power, to seek the methods by which power can be increased in all. †¢ A genuine interweaving or interpenetrating by changing both sides creates new situations. †¢ We should never allow ourselves to be bullied by either-or. There is often the possibility of something better than either of two given alternatives. †¢ Individuality is the capacity for union. The measure of individuality is the depth and breath of true relation. I am an individual not as far as I am apart, but as far as I am a part of other men. Evil is nonrelation. †¢ We cannot, however, mould our lives each by himself; but within every individual is the power of joining himself fundamentally and vitally to other lives, and out of this vital union comes the creative power. Revelation, if we want it to be continuous, must be through the community bond. No individual can change the disorder and iniquity of this world. No chaotic mass of men and women can do it. Conscious group creation is to be the social and political force of the future. †¢ We do not need to swing forever between the individual and the group. We must devise some method of using both at the same time. Our present method is right so far as it is based on individuals, but we have not yet found the true individual. The groups are the indispensable means for the discovery of self by each man. The individual finds himself in a group; he has no power alone or in a crowd. One group creates me, another group brings into appearance the multiple sides of me. †¢ We find the true man only through group organization. The potentialities of the individual remain potentialities until they are released by group life. Man discovers his true nature, gains his true freedom only through the group. †¢ Responsibility is the great developer of men. †¢ The important thing about responsibility is not to whom you are responsible, but for what you are responsible. †¢ This is the problem in business administration: how can a business be so organized that workers, managers, owners feel a collective responsibility? †¢ I do not think that we have psychological and ethical and economic problems. We have human problems, with psychological, ethical and economical aspects, and as many others as you like. †¢ Democracy is an infinitely including spirit. We have an instinct for democracy because we have an instinct for wholeness; we get wholeness only through reciprocal relations, through infinitely expanding reciprocal relations. †¢ [D]emocracy transcends time and space, it can never be understood except as a spiritual force. Majority rule rests on numbers; democracy rests on the well-grounded assumption that society is neither a collection of units nor an organism but a network of human relations. Democracy is not worked out at the polling-booths; it is the bringing forth of a genuine collective will, one to which every single being must contribute the whole of his complex life, as one which every single being must express the whole of at one point. Thus the essence of democracy is creating. The technique of democracy is group organization. †¢ To be a democrat is not to decide on a certain form of human association, it is to learn how to live with other men. The world has long been bumbling for democracy, but has not yet grasped its essential and basic idea. †¢ No one can give us democracy, we must learn democracy. †¢ The training for democracy can never cease while we exercise democracy. We older ones need it exactly as much as the younger ones. That education is a continuous process is a truism. It does not end with graduation day; it does not end when life begins. Life and education must never be separated. We must have more life in our universities, more education in our life. †¢ The training for the new democracy must be from the cradle - through nursery, school and play, and on and on through every activity of our life. Citizenship is not to be learned in good government classes or current events courses or lessons in civics. It is to be acquired only through those modes of living and acting which shall teach us how to grow the social consciousness. This should be the object of all day school education, of all night school education, of all our supervised recreation, of all our family life, of our club life, of our civic life. †¢ What I have tried to show in this book is that the social process may be conceived either as the opposing and battle of desires with the victory of one over the other, or as the confronting and integrating of desires. The former means non-freedom for both sides, the defeated bound to the victor, the victor bound to the false situation thus created -- both bound. The latter means a freeing for both sides and increased total power or increased capacity in the world. †¢ We can never understand the total situation without taking into account the evolving situation. And when a situation changes we have not a new variation under the old fact, but a new fact. †¢ We must remember that most people are not for or against anything; the first object of getting people together is to make them respond somehow, to overcome inertia. To disagree, as well as to agree, with people brings you closer to them. †¢ We need education all the time and we all need education. †¢ We can test our group in this way: do we come together to register the results of individual thought, to compare the results of individual thought in order to make selections therefrom, or do we come together to create a common idea? Whenever we have a real group something new  is  actually created. We can now see therefore that the object of group life is not to find the best individual thought, but the collective thought. A committee meeting isnt like a prize show aimed at calling out the best each can possibly produce and then the prize (the vote) awarded to the best of all these individual opinions. The object of a conference is not to get a lot of different ideas, as is often thought, but just the opposite -- to get at one idea. There is nothing rigid or fixed about thoughts, they are entirely  plastic,  and ready to yield themselves completely to their master -- the group spirit. †¢ When the conditions for collective thinking are more or less fulfilled, then the expansion of life will begin. Through my  group  I learn the secret of wholeness. †¢ We can often measure our progress by watching the nature of our conflicts. Social progress is in this respect like individual progress; we become spiritually more and more developed as our conflicts rise to higher levels. †¢Ã‚  Men descend  to meet? This is not my experience. The  laissez-aller  which people allow themselves when alone disappears when they meet. Then they pull themselves together and give one another of their best. We see this again and again. Sometimes the idea of the group stands quite visibly before us as one which none of us is quite living up to by himself. We feel it there, an impalpable, substantial thing in our midst. It raises us to the nth power of action, it fires our minds and glows in our hearts and  fulfils  and actuates itself no less, but rather on this very account, because it has been generated only by our being together. †¢ The most successful leader of all is one who sees another picture not yet actualised. †¢ If leadership does not mean coercion in any  form,  if it does not mean controlling, protecting or exploiting, what does it mean? It  means,  I think, freeing. The greatest service the teacher can render the student is to increase his freedom -- his free range of activity and thought and his power of control. †¢ We want worked out a relation between leaders and led which will give to each the opportunity to make creative contributions to the situation. †¢ The best leader knows how to make his followers actually feel power themselves, not merely acknowledge his power. †¢ The joint responsibility of management and labor is an interpenetrating  responsibility,  and is utterly different from responsibility divided into sections, management having some and labor some. †¢ Unity, not uniformity, must be our aim. We attain unity only through variety. Differences must be integrated, not annihilated, or absorbed. †¢ Instead of shutting out what is different, we should welcome it because it is different and through its difference will make a richer content of life. †¢ Every difference that is swept up into a bigger conception feeds and enriches society; every difference which is ignored feeds  on  society and eventually corrupts it. †¢ A friendship based on likenesses and agreements alone is a superficial matter enough. The deep and lasting friendship is one capable of recognizing and dealing with all the fundamental differences that must exist between any two individuals, one capable therefore of such an enrichment of our personalities that together we shall mount to new heights of understanding and endeavor. †¢ It is clear then that we do not go to our group -- trade-union, city council, college faculty -- to be passive and learn, and we do not go to push through something we have already decided we want. Each must discover and contribute that which distinguishes him from others, his difference. The only use for my difference is to join it with other differences. The unifying of opposites is the eternal process. †¢ I learn my duty to my friends not by reading essays on friendship, but by living my life with my friends and learning by experience the obligations friendship demands. †¢ We integrate our experience, and then the richer human being that we are goes into the new experience; again we give  ourself  and always by giving rise above the old self. †¢ Experience may be hard, but we claim its gifts because they are real, even though our feet bleed on its stones. †¢ Law flows from our life,  therefore  it cannot be above it. The source of the binding power of law is not in the consent of the community, but in the fact that it has been produced by the community. This gives us a new conception of law. †¢ When we look upon  law  as a thing we think of it as a finished thing; the moment we look upon it as a process we think of it always in evolution. Our law must take account of our social and economic conditions, and it must do it again  to-morrow  and again  day  after to-morrow. We do not want a new legal system with every sunrise, but we do want a method by which our law shall be capable of assimilating from day to day what it needs to act upon that life from which it has drawn its existence and to which it must minister. The vital fluid of the community, its lifes blood, must pass so continuously from the common will to the law and from the law to the common will that a perfect circulation will be established. We do not discover legal principles which it then behooves us to burn candles before forever, but legal principles are the outcome of our daily life. Our  law therefore  cannot be based on fixed principles: our law must be intrinsic in the social proc ess. †¢ Some writers talk of social justice as if a definite idea of it existed, and that all we have to do to regenerate society is to direct our efforts towards the realization of this ideal. But the ideal of social justice is itself a collective and a progressive development, that is, it is produced through our associated life and it is produced anew from day to day.

Abortions Prevent Child Abuse and Poverty Essay - 518 Words

Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in America today. There are approximately 1.5 million abortions every year in this country. Abortion was made legal in the 1970s. However, pro-life activists argue that it is no different than murder. Should the government have the right to take away a womens right to make decisions regarding her own body? The main issue that pro-life people have with abortion is that they believe it causes an unborn child to suffer. However, many children whos mothers want to have an abortion have a reasonable cause and the child is better off being aborted. Most unwanted children are abused and neglected. Some are born addicted to drugs. Why should we make innocent, young children suffer with being†¦show more content†¦Also, the pro-life kids are the ones who shun other children who are from low-income families. Instead of worrying about abortion, it is critical that we worry about children already alive who are being tortured by abusive parents and who are living in poverty. Would anyone want to be born addicted to crack and have withdrawal symtoms and be neglected? Wouldnt it be better to just go back to Heaven with GOD, who takes better care of them. Another issue is world population. Currently, it is over 6 billion. The world is running out of resources. We need to take care of those who are alive already instead of bringing more people into the world who we cannot take care of. Womens rights are guaranteed by the Constitution. It is none of anyone elses business to decide what a women faced with an unwanted pregnancy should do. The Bible does NOT condemn abortion, it is perfectly Christian to be pro-choice. No one understands what it is like to be in the situation until they are there. Girls as young as 12 are becoming pregnant. If they were forced to keep the child, they would live in poverty the rest of their lives and others would look down on them. No one would want to marry them ever and 80 percent of the boys never marry their babys mother. It would be extremely difficult for a teenager to finish high school, much lessShow MoreRelatedCauses and Effects of Teenage Pregnancy Essay813 Words   |  4 Pagesand teens a. Weak relationship b. Too strong of a relationship 3. Drugs 4. Trends a. Social b. Media 5. Abuse B. Effects 1. Unwanted/ unplanned pregnancy 2. Abortion 3. Neglect/ Child abuse 4. Complications a. Maternal deaths b. Birth defects 5. Incomplete education a. Unemployment b. Poverty 6. Social embarrassment 7. Never-ending cycle C. Prevention 1. Self-control a. Abstinence b. Safe sex i. BirthRead MoreThe Issue Of Abortion On The Philippines Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pages Abortion in the Philippines Julian Mayugba Hudson County Community College Abstract This paper goes over the legality status of abortion, the risks of illegal abortion, the overpopulation problem related to pregnancy, the limited availability of contraceptives, and how religion ties these things together in the Philippines. I was inspired to write about pregnancy in the Philippines after learning one of my female friends in the Philippines, who is about the same age as me, had gotten pregnantRead MoreThe Problems of Fetal Protection Laws1702 Words   |  7 Pagesthis means that any action or mistake they make could possibly be interpreted as harm or abuse against their child. Tripping down the stairs, taking the wrong medicine, being involved in an abusive relationship, or even simply being a victim of drug abuse can mark many pregnant women as criminals under new laws. Based on already established prejudices against drug users, the poor, and those who seek abortions, fetal protection laws set a new value on unborn children while serving to devalue the statusRead MoreAbortion Should Be Legalize764 Words   |  3 Pages Everyone has a different view on abortion. Some think it should be legalized while others think that it shouldn’t be. Nowadays, pregnancy is something you see in everyone from teens to adults. Abortion gives the people the right to decide what’s right for them and what’s not. It should be legal because people should be given the right to decide whether or not they’re ready or not to bring someone else into the world and provide for them. Abortion of course is a terrible thing, you have toRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesfavor of abortion rights. 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Although the two present themselves in different ways, it can be assumed that Little would ultimately support Kale’s assessments. Perhaps the strongest arguments that Kale provides for this claim is the fact that abortions should not be made on unjustified reasons and his policies would cease women from pregnancy traumaRead MoreSeveral Cases of Violence Against Children1030 Words   |  5 Pagesto child abuse. First of all, we have an epidemic of babies having babies. According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2012) babies born to teenagers are at risk for neglect and abuse because their young mothers are uncertain about their roles, and may be frustrated by the constant demands of caretaking. They also contend that babies born in the U.S. to teenage mothers are at risk for long-term problems in many major areas of life, including school failure, poverty, andRead MoreProspective Parents Should Have A Lic ense1536 Words   |  7 Pagesveterinarians, cab drivers, soil testers and television repairmen... Are our TV sets and toilets more important than our children?(Tittle). Currently raising a child requires nothing besides two people and some time alone, not to mention the word â€Å"lust.† No education is involved, no background checks are involved; almost anyone and everyone can have a child if they choose to. Sometimes this may even include young teenagers prior to maturity levels you would expect, past or present criminals, and those clearly

The Things They Carried’ by Tim O’Brien Essay - 1233 Words

‘The Things They Carried’ by Tim O’Brien provides a insider’s view of war and its distractions, both externally in dealing with combat and internally dealing with the reality of war and its effect on each solder. The story, while set in Vietnam, is as relevant today with the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan as it was in the 1960’s and 1970’s in Southeast Asia. With over one million soldiers having completed anywhere from one to three tours in combat in the last 10 years, the real conflict might just be inside the soldier. O’Brien reflects this in his writing technique, using a blend of fiction and autobiographical facts to present a series of short narratives about a small unit of soldiers. While a war story, it is also an unrequited†¦show more content†¦The use of pathos and ethos in tandem strengthens his writing, but also leads to some parts being almost tedious. â€Å"As PFCs or Spec 4s, most of them were common grun ts and carried the standard M-16 gas-operated assault rifle. The weapon weighed 75 pounds unloaded, 8.2 pounds with its full twenty-round magazine. Depending on numerous factors, such as topography and psychology, the riflemen carried anywhere from twelve to twenty magazines†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (O’Brien 1990). This paragraph almost drones on losing the reader in a myriad of technical mumbo jumbo and measurements before getting back on target with the story of the soldier’s life in the field. The organization of the text can be hard to follow when he goes on about the equipment. On the other hand O’Brien takes the role of narrator; clearly he is invested emotionally in the story. However, the drama of the moment can be diluted with too much fact and not enough emotion. Taking each character and peeling back the soldier layers to expose us to the person underneath, he also creates moments that are poignant and riveting. â€Å"For the most part they carried them selves with poise, a kind of dignity. Now and then, however, there were times of panic, when they squealed or wanted to squeal but couldnt. When they twitched and made moaning sounds and covered their heads and said Dear Jesus and flopped around on the earth and fired their weapons blindly and cringed and sobbed and begged for the noise to stop and went wild and madeShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried by Tim Obrien1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe War at Home The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien, transports the reader into the minds of veterans of the Vietnam conflict. The Vietnam War dramatically changed Tim O’Brien and his comrades, making their return home a turbulent and difficult transition. The study, titled, The War at Home: Effects of Vietnam-Era Military Service on Post-War Household Stability, uses the draft lottery as a â€Å"natural experiment† on the general male population. The purpose of the NBER (National Bureau of EconomicRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim O’brien1610 Words   |  7 PagesThe Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien Plot: 1. RISING ACTION †¢ In the summer of 1968, Tim O’Brien receives a draft notice. Despite a desire to follow his convictions and flee to Canada, he feels he would be embarrassed to refuse to fulfill his patriotic duty and so concedes to fight in Vietnam. CLIMAX †¢ During their tour of duty, the men of the Alpha Company must cope with the loss of their own men and the guilt that comes from killing and watching others die. FALLING ACTION †¢ After he returnsRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1156 Words   |  5 PagesIn Tim O’Brien’s novel, â€Å"The Things They Carried,† imagination is seen to be both beneficial and harmful. This novel consists of a story truth and a real truth. Tim O’Brien writes the book about the Vietnam War based primarily on his memory of the war. He does not remember every detail of the war, thus he makes up some false details to make the story seem more interesting. He does not only describe his own experiences, but also describe the experiences of other characters. He wants the readers toRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien begins by Mr. OBrien describing his dramatical events that happened during the middle of his Vietnam experience while he was fighting in the war. Mr. OBrien received his draft notice in the month of June in the year of 1968. When he received this notice Mr. OBrien had feelings of confusion, and that drove him to go north to the Canadian border, and it had him contemplating if he wanted to cross it or not because he does not want to be forced toRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien793 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien there is an ambiguity assigned to the life of a soldier in the Vietnam war, an ambiguity that represents no clear moral victor, no clear heroes, and seemingly no end. In the movie, Platoon, written and directed by Oliver Stone, the same ambiguity is depicted, with no clear moral direction, no clear heroes, and no clear resolution. In the short story, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† O’Brien talks in great detail about how a true war story, andRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien550 Words   |  2 Pagespersonnel documents are in order. These are just a few items that need to be checked off of a to-do list, or inventory if you will. In â€Å"The Things They Carried† by Tim O’Brien, the main character, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, runs through a series of events that he had his squad carried, both on their person and in their minds. â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about Cross and the soldiers under him and their activities in Vietnam during the war. The story begins with Cross introducing the objectRead MoreThe Things they Carried by Tim OBrien529 Words   |  2 PagesIn the story The Things They Carried Tim O’Brien didn’t mention anything about traditional war heroes. I think this was a great idea, because there are no traditional war heroes. A traditional war hero is someone who is fearless and someone who can’t be harmed mentally or emotionally. But in The Things They Carried the soldiers out on the front lines were emotionally and physically scarred. Tim O’Brien didn’t write about traditional war heroes, O’Brien wrote about normal people, people with differentRead More The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien580 Words   |  2 Pagesbook, The Things They Carried, author Tim O’Brien tells the captivating story of soldiers and everything they ha d to go through during the Vietnam War. He tells of the many things that change a person during a war and what helped many to get through it. One of the main things that helped them to get through was women. While women did not play a huge role in this book, they did play a very important role. Women were the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Martha was the lady that Lieutenant Jimmy Cross loved. He carried letters andRead MoreOverview: The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1510 Words   |  7 Pages The Things They Carried is a novel written by Vietnam Veteran Tim O’Brien. The Vietnam War took place between 1955 and 1975. Most of the soldiers fighting were young teenage men around the age of eighteen and nineteen years old. Like O’Brien many of these young men were pulled away from their families and life to fight a war they didn’t approve of or even know about. This had a strong affect on most of these men and O’Brien uses different ways to show how the Vietnam War affected them both physicallyRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien580 Words   |  2 Pagesdaydreaming and felt the pain of Lavenders death. He came to realize he was to blame for the death of Ted Lavender. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross’ mind was mixed with the emotions of both Martha and the death of Ted Lavender. While Lavenders body was being carried to the chopper, all Lieutenant Cross could think about was Martha. He was thinking about how he loved her more than anything, even more than his men. He believed Ted Lavender was dead because he loved Martha so much and could not stop thinking about

Global Warming, Fact Or Fiction What Is The Evidence For...

Assignment #1- Global Warming, fact or fiction? What is the evidence for or against? Global warming is a constant topic that is frequently discussed throughout the world. Many people including environmentalist, study this topic to determine the seriousness and world impact. The typical understanding of this concept â€Å"global warming† is known to be the total long-term intensification in the temperature present in the atmosphere (3). When discussing this topic, it is still important to consider the fact if Global Warming is actually fact or fiction. In order to evaluate this controversial issue, one would need to discuss evidence for or against the idea of global warming. To further discuss this topic, one should evaluate valid sources that can support one’s conclusions. I believe that Global warming is in fact true and that the evidence that we see in regards to the temperature change and environmental change does defend my perspective. Studies have shown that global surface temperature has increased about 0.74 °C within the last century. The glob al surface temperature is also expected to increase by another 3–5 °C in 100 years to come (5). Even though this relatively small number may seem insignificant to many people, it has caused many changes to the overall atmosphere that can be further discussed. Changes that are associated with the atmosphere and also the climate change have an influence on the biosphere and human environment (1). The warming of earthsShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming: Fact or Fiction1089 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming: Fact or Fiction Lower Capstone – Unit 3 Independent Project Rozlynn Mundy American InterContinental University Online July 4, 2010 Title: Global Warming: Fact or Fiction Abstract Introduction I. Overview of Global Warming A. Signs of global warming a. Support b. Skepticism II. Effects of Global Warming A. Contributors to global a. Manmade b. Natural Summary Abstract The information found in this paper is designed to raiseRead More Global Warming: Fact Vs. Fiction Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming: Fact Vs. Fiction Global Warming -- the gradual increase in planet-wide temperatures -- seems to be accepted by many scientists and people now as fact. Generally, this warming is attributed to the increase of green-house gases in the Earths upper atmosphere. However, some solar scientists are considering whether the warming exists at all. And, if it does, mightRead MoreGlobal Warming Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pages Global warming extremists want us to believe that as global temperatures rise, so do chances of complete extinction of entire species. Natural disasters will become more common, whole continents could one day be under water, and death rates could be at an all time high. This may seem like a bad science fiction novel, but in some ways they might actually be right. At the very least global warming can and will effect humans living in nearly every region. From those living on the coast, to those livingRead MoreGlobal Warming : Skeptics, Naysayers And Money Grabbers2169 Words   |  9 PagesGlobal Warming: Skeptics, Naysayers and Money-grabbers Global warming is an issue which many people, experts or not, have an opinion on and the controversy over its validity has led to two distinct factions: those who believe it is influenced by human actions and those who believe it arises from natural causes. One major consequence of disputing scientific evidence and research that supports anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change due to global warming is the slowing or halting of progress towardsRead MoreThe Issue of Anthropogenic Climate Change2115 Words   |  8 Pagesmore commonly identified as global warming, has become hotly debated in the media and political arenas. 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Reason for Regulating Natural Monopolies and the Effective Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Reason for Regulating Natural Monopolies and the Effective Strategies. Answer: Introduction A natural monopoly is a single firm that supplies a certain line of product for the whole market. It originates from the definition of monopoly where a single seller suppliers the entire market (Bennett Coleman, 2017). This firm has the ability to produce high level of output at a lower cost (Molinuevo Sez, 2014). This ability is created by the presence on entry barriers and the fact that the single firm has increased economies of scale. The government has a role of ensuring that businesses are operated efficiently and that the output is sold at a fair price. The government has two options to ensure fair pricing is observed; one is that it can own the natural monopoly or it can regulate those that are privately owned (McEachern, 2013). The notion that the natural monopoly needs to be regulated is self-explanatory that there is a possibility of unfair practices if the single firm is left to operate with no regulation (Int'L Business Publications, 2015). The major reason why the gove rnment should regulate this firm is because it is the only firm that the whole economy depends on and that the product is on high demand and thus a high possibility of high pricing. Economic regulation has two view; one is that it is interested in the consumers or public welfare by controlling the natural monopoly where a single firms production is more efficient than in a competitive industry. The other view is that producers are interested in the regulation because they depend on it when fixing prices, raising profits and creating entrance barriers. This paper will try to determine whether there is more benefit in regulating a natural monopoly rather than encouraging competition. It will also identify the group that benefit much from the regulation. The theories put forward to explain the strategies the government should implement to regulate the natural monopolies are many. Some of the theories to be covered are the marginal cost pricing, average cost pricing, price caps, etc. All these theories try to establish the way in which the goods offered by the natural monopoly is affordable to the citizens and thus an improvement in social welfare. Other theories such as capture theory and public interest theory shows the interests the government have under regulation. The capture theory tell us that the regulator are interested with the operations of the producer. The public interest theory poses that the interest of the government is on maximizing social welfare by preventing an abuse of market power. Analysis Pettinger (2012) gave several types of natural monopolies and argued that it is more efficient for a single firm to supply the whole economy than a multiple of firms. The reason he posed out is that the fixed costs for the single firm is high and that there is a huge capital requirement to initiate the distribution of the resources supplied by a natural monopoly. He argued that the average cost for the multiple firms would be higher compared to the single firm because this firm already has significant economies of scale. Some of the examples given include tap water; laying of pipes to supply to the entire economy is capital intensive, electricity; its distribution networks are very expensive to initiate, railway transportation; the cost of laying the rails is very high and thus not practically available for competition, the gas distribution and postal services, etc. Economies of scale is the advantage of reduced costs of production enjoyed when a natural monopoly firm produced high l evel of output as shown in the image below. The economies of scale creates a rationale for the government to allow the operation of a natural monopoly rather than allowing competition in this industry. The Average cost of producing Qa units by a multiple of producers is Aca, whereas the cost for producing the higher level quantity Qb by the same natural monopoly is ACb. If a single firm is able to produce quantity Qb at a cost ACB, lets assume that there was entrant of another firm in this industry; if Qb is the maximum level of demand, then it means that the two firms will produce the same level of output; say that each firm produces a half of Qb. This would be at a higher cost as indicated by quantity Qc and cost ACc. This firm has market power for being able to produce at the lowest cost; and this is where the public interest theory comes in. Terry (2012) noted at if there is much benefit for the single firm to supply to the entire economy, the abuse of market power can only be eliminated by the government regulation of pri ce and quantity. Unregulated Natural Monopoly Pricing If the firm was to make its own pricing decision, it would aim at maximizing its profit by producing 10 units of output and selling at $8. This is where its marginal revenue equates its marginal cost (MR = MC) (Welker, 2017). If production took place at this point, the natural monopoly makes an economic profit equal to the shaded area ighj. At this point the consumer surplus is area kij; the consumer surplus is so small and the rest is the producer surplus. This is achievable through causing a deadweight loss equal to jbc. The reason for making an economic profit is that the AC curve at this production point is below the demand curve. The average total cost of producing 10 units is $5 and any price charged above this is the economic profit. Marginal Cost Pricing This is the first option the regulators can consider implementing; this is by ensuring that the optimal social output of 25 units are produced and sold at a social optimal price of $2. This is at the intersection of marginal cost and the industrys demand curve. The government regulation may be such that it forces the natural monopoly to produce at this competitive level and sell at the lower price. If this happens, the natural monopoly will make economic losses since producing 25 units of output requires a cost of $4 which is above the price at which the final output is sold. The economic loss is equivalent to area acdf and may affect the sustainability of the monopolys production in the future. However, its possible for this output to be produced and sold at $2 if only the government subsidized the firm for the economic losses (Economicsonline.co.uk, 2017). This is where the capture theory comes in; the government have to ensure that no losses results on the producers side from prod ucing at the regulated price level. At this point, the consumer surplus is very high and is equivalent to area ack and thus maximizes the social welfare which is the governments goal. There is much benefit for the consumers, while the government subsidies allow the natural monopoly to break even. Average Cost Pricing This is the second option and is considered to be the most appropriate level although the social welfare is not maximized. This is where 20 units of output are produced and sold at the fair-return price shown above. This is at the intersection of the firms ATC and the industrys demand curve (Mankiw, 2011). This is the point at which the firm breaks even and makes no economic profit or loss. Since normal profits are made at this level, regulation would help in sustaining the future production process for this firm. The output produced is higher than the 10 units produced without regulation and the price is lower than $8 the unregulated price. The consumer surplus is also higher than for unregulated monopoly and is equivalent to area kfe. Regulators RPI-X Price Capping This is where the government employs various bodies to limit price increases for utilities such as electricity, water and gas (Tejvan, 2016). The formula used by the regulators is known as the RPI-X where X is the real amount of price increase. An increase is allowable during inflation period. For instance if X is set at 2% and inflation rises by 5%, the natural monopoly may raise price by 5 2 = 3%. The advantage of this is that it is adjustable according to the additional cost requirement where the value of x is reduced. If a natural monopoly is said to be charging high prices, the value of X is raised. It creates an incentive for cost cutting since profit is increased if cost is lowered. The challenge is determining the value of X. Peak Load Pricing This is a two-period kind of price discrimination. There is a period when certain utilities demand is very high and lower in others. This may happen during a single day. An example of such is the electricity consumption; more demand for electricity is experienced during the night as compared to during the day. The peak period is at night and off-peak period during the day. Its advisable for the natural monopolist to charge hiked prices during the peak period and lower prices when demand is low (Schindler, 2012). This increases efficiency because demand is reduced when prices are high; this enables the supplier to meet the increased demand. The peak demand curve is d and the off-peak demand curve is d1. The peak demand quantity is x and the off-peak demand quantity is x1. The peak price is P1 and the off-peak price is P. point A is the peak equilibrium whereas point E is the off-peak equilibrium. There are net gains for increased demand in the off-peak period and reduced demand in the peak period. Peak load pricing is thus advantageous in promoting efficiency in distribution. However, it is a disadvantage to firms whose production operations are tied to peak period since it adds to their production costs. Recommendation A natural monopoly should be maintained as a sole provider of the specific good rather than making this industry a competitive one. It is more economical for the single firm to produce for the whole market demand rather than when more firms are involved. An investor should understand his/her market structure in order to determine the regulations governing the business. Competition is good for an economy, but some natural monopolies should be allowed some market powers with regulation. The various regulations by the government are applicable on different situations which the government should take into consideration. Conclusion It has been deducted from the above research that a natural monopoly is profit oriented if unregulated and thus will only produce the quantity that maximizes its profit (the economic profit level is at MC = MR). At this point, the price for the good charged is unaffordable since its very high. There is lack of competition in this market and this gives the supplying firm significant market power over its output and price; more often, this market power is abused and market price is hiked by limiting output. The government regulates the natural monopoly to ensure that there is sufficient output production that is sold at a lower price by preventing it from maximizing its profit; this is by ensuring that it fixes output and price. There is a challenge for regulators in regulating the price for the natural monopoly; the price that is said to maximize the social welfare is inefficient as it leads to the monopoly making economic losses, and the price charged by the monopoly in order to make some economic profit do reduce the social welfare. The reason for regulation by the government is therefore because it need some firms to retain their monopoly state without abusing their market power. But the outcome of regulation is considered better than without regulation. The research has therefore provided the insight on why natural monopolies should be regulated and also provided various ways in which this can be done. Bibliography Bennett Coleman. (2017). Definition of 'Monopoly'. The Economic Times. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/monopoly. Dharmaratna, D. (2011). Demand, Supply and Welfare Aspects of Pipe-borne Water in Sri Lanka. Cambridge Scholars Pub. Economicsonline.co.uk. (2017). Natural monopolies. Economicsonline.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Natural_monopolies.html. Int'L Business Publications. (2015). Russia energy policy laws and regulations handbook. Intl Business Pubns USA. Kumar, M. (2016). Top 3 Methods of Controlling Monopoly (With Diagram). Economics Discussion. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/monopoly/top-3-methods-of-controlling-monopoly-with-diagram/7294. Mankiw, G. (2011). Principles of economics. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. McEachern, W. A. (2013). Microeconomics: A contemporary introduction. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Molinuevo, M. Sez, S. (2014). Regulatory Assessment Toolkit: A Practical Methodology for Assessing Regulation on Trade and Investment in Services. World Bank Publications. Opentextbc.ca. (2017). Monopoly and Antitrust Policy. Opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics/chapter/11-3-regulating-natural-monopolies/. Pettinger, T. (2012). Natural Monopoly. Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/natural-monopoly/. Schindler, R. (2012). Pricing strategies: A marketing approach. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, Inc. Tejvan. (2016). Regulation of monopoly. Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/regulation-monopoly/. Terry, S. (2012). Antitrust Policy and Regulation. Slideplayer.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/7005833/. Welker, J. (2017). Natural Monopoly and the need for Government Regulation. The Economics Classroom. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://econclassroom.com/?p=3115.

Research Proposal on Consumer Behavior towards Online Purchasing

Question: Discuss about the Research Proposal on Consumer Behaviour Towards Online Purchasing. Answer: Aim and Motivation The growth of the internet has created e-Marketing and online shopping opportunities for the customers around the globe. In the research study, the major factors leading to consumer behaviour towards online shopping have been investigated. By identifying a different class of the demographics, social status, income standards, age, and culture of the different population, the most essential factors influencing online purchasing can be delivered. The primary consumer behavioural study towards the online market can be effectively utilised by the e-commerce businesses operating in the online retail industry in any target market (Soopramanien, 2010). Furthermore, the outcome of the research will be significantly helpful for online marketers to penetrate several target markets according to the online purchasing behaviours of the target demographics. In the contemporary business scenario, the shopping style of the consumers has been changed since the development of the internet. Through the expansion of globalisation, electronic marketing has become an integral part of the consumers (Ozdemir, 2008). Due to the improvement in technology, modern business organisations and retail marketers have created significant strategies at the online platform to convince maximum buyers. Therefore, the study of consumer behaviour towards online shopping can be supportive for the marketers to identify the most influential factors leading to online product purchasing. Research Objectives The primary objective of the research is to conduct an analysis on consumer behaviour towards online purchasing. The study aims to conduct a qualitative research on consumer behaviour to known how consumers react on online purchasing. The study presents different views of consumers towards online purchasing by using different theories on consumer behaviour. On the other hand, it presents the factors that influence the choice of consumers while purchasing products over e-commerce portals (Buchanan, 2011). Hence, the research aims to develop better marketing model for e-commerce businesses to influence customers and attract them towards their products. Hence, a qualitative research method will be used in the study to conduct individual interviews to seek reliable outcomes from the research. Background and Literature Review In the past decade or so, the internet shopping has become one of the trends of retail marketing for the consumers belonged to the high-class society. Akroush and Al-Debei (2015) reviewed the affecting factors leading to online shopping to determine how the consumer attitude directs a customer to purchase a particular product. Al-Debei, Akroush and Ashouri (2015) identified the perceived benefits of online purchasing prompting a consumer to shop using the internet platform. In another review, Chung and Austria (2012) provided the influence of social media messages in online purchasing. The purchasers are guided towards the products promoted at the social media platforms. Conversely, Huang, Schrank and Dubinsky (2014) investigated the effect of brand identity in online product shopping. Decisively, the online shoppers are attracted towards the brand products when purchasing online. Another research of Machleit and Eroglu (2010) described the emotional standpoint at the time of online product purchasing. Basically, the design of a website, product diversification, layout and user efficiency of the website have led to an increased online purchasing to a particular site. Understandably, latest website designs and layouts are leading the online shoppers to buy a product from that side by creating a change in purchasing behaviour. Herein, Mohammed (2014) reviewed the purchasing intentions of the young and adult consumers to identify the factors influencing their shopping tactics. Decisively, the young-adult consumers are largely directed by the information, pricing and product diversification offered by a website. If there are quality products at a reasonable pricing with an effective discount, the young consumers are eagerly purchasing the product verifying the given description. The critical analysis of complex buying behaviour of the purchasers has shown that the online security in the transaction, promotion of the website through social media, references from the locality and affordability of products have impacted the online purchasing behaviour of consumers (Panitapu, 2015). Moreover, Wu (2013) reviewed the exceptional relationship pattern betwee n consumer characteristics and consumer attitude in case of online purchasing. In the review, it is significantly clear that the online marketing ideas, presentation and branding of the business have made a massive influence on the purchasers buying online. In the previous research, it can be seen that the online marketers and retail e-commerce sites utilised significant theories to identify the online purchasing behaviour of the consumers. The study of consumers attitude can be improved through the implementation of Consumer Buying Behaviour Process model so that in online sellers can take certain decisions based on consumers behaviour at the e-commerce platform (Ajzen, 2011). The theoretical model identifies the perception of need and value of a product towards the target demographics to influence the purchasing decision of the online shoppers. Convincingly, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) can be improvised to understand that customers procurement actions are guided by three major considerations i.e. behavioural beliefs, control beliefs and normative beliefs (Madden, Ellen and Ajzen, 2012). Behavioural beliefs lead to the final decision making of the purchasers whereas the other two reflects the attitude of the purchasers in the selection of a product at the online stage (Godin, 2013). Research Gap The online shopping platform is massively driven by the consumer behaviour and customer perception. Hence, the previous research studies focused on the primary shopping behaviours of the online purchasers while buying a product using the online platform. On this note, the contemporary issues and changing purchasing behavioural approach of the modern buyers are seemed to be missing in the previous literature. Also, the impact of latest web-based technologies on the online purchasing has to be determined through the study that has not included in the past research. Typically, the growth of e-commerce platform has seen to be uneven according to the previous research studies (Akroush and Al-Debei, 2015). Hence, a clear standing of the e-commerce market must be identified to ensure the effectiveness of online business. Justifiably, the previous research studies also failed to show the purchasing behaviour of the consumers at the larger perspective. Therefore, an elaborate research will be mandatory to fulfil the missing links. Research Question The primary purpose of the study is to identify the potential factors that influence the buying behaviour of the consumers while purchasing products through online portals. Along with that, it is important to know who the potential online customers in a demography boundary are. Furthermore, it is also important to known how the service and outlook of the portals impacts the choice of the consumers while buying any product from online stores (Cai and Krishnamoorthy, 2015). Along with that, the research aims to know what consumers think about online marketing and analyse the future prospect of the modern marketing model. Hence, the primary research question that will be used to conduct the study is as follows: What are the factors that influence the purchasing of a consumer through online stores? Along with the primary question, there are several secondary questions that must be answered while conducting the study. The secondary research questions are presented herein below: How are the potential online customers in a demographic boundary? What do the consumers currently think about online marketing? What is the future prospect for online marketing? How can digital marketing used in order to influence customers to buy products through online store? Research Design and Methodology Research Design The research design is the blueprint of the study that helps to present the methodology that will be used to conduct the analysis. A descriptive research design has been chosen to conduct the study (Buchanan, 2011). An exploratory approach will be used to analyse the problems and answer the research questions in a thematic manner. Data Sampling It is difficult to consider a huge population due to the limitations of the study. Hence, random sampling method will be used to conduct the interviews. Every one person out of the five will be chosen to present their views on online purchasing (Cai and Krishnamoorthy, 2015). On the other hand, a purposive sampling technique will be used to choose the literatures according that are developed on consumer behaviour to conduct the literature review. Data Collection Collection of data is one of the difficult and lengthy processes of a research study. In this study, the primary data will be collected by conducting individual interviews to observe the current thoughts of the consumers. On the other hand, the secondary data will be collected from the secondary sources such as books, articles, journals, government reports that are published in printed version or are available over the internet (Crawford, 2012). Hence, both of the data collection method will be used in the study to conduct the research. Data Analysis Method A qualitative data analysis method will be used that is mainly exploratory research. The qualitative analysis will be used to gain proper understanding of the problems, its reasons, opinions and motivations. The qualitative analysis will be used to answer the research questions in a thematic manner and draw the findings using prior literatures. The qualitative research will help to observe the trends in opinions and thoughts of the consumers that are quite essential for explaining the findings of the study (Fallman, 2008). Hence, the findings will be presented in a descriptive manner to make it easier for the readers to understand. On the other hand, the findings and results will be supported with the primary data collected from the real life consumers to increase the reliability of the study. Expected Outcome The expected research will primarily identify the booming e-commerce business and its impact on the consumers in the developed as well as emerging markets. Through the analysis and review of the previous literature, a brief understanding of the process can be evaluated to improve the same for future. Meanwhile, from the research study, it will be largely clear that brand identity is an integral part of online shopping. Preferably, the online purchasers including young adults are seemed to purchase brand products on a regular basis using the internet platform. Conversely, the popularity and marketing efficiency of a website have contributed immensely to motivate the customers to the online shopping (Huang, Schrank and Dubinsky, 2014). Other than the branding and site popularity, security and features of an e-commerce website have led to online product purchasing improving the consumers attitude towards a particular site. Invariably, modern buyers consider the retail price and online p roduct pricing on a regular basis before ordering a product online. Hence, the research will identify how the online marketers can manage the pricing to motivate online purchasing. Contribution of the Research The focal point of the research is the factors that influence the online purchasing of the consumers. The research will explain the readers, different influencing factors that affect the purchasing choice of the consumers. The findings of the research will help to develop better online marketing models for the e-commerce marketers to attract consumers to buy products online (Glanville, 2009). Hence, the research contributes to the field of consumer behaviour to develop online marketing models and digital marketing tactics to influence consumers purchasing. Conclusion The purchasing behaviour of the consumer is influenced by different factors while buying products over online portals. Some of the major factors are the discount coupons, the service rendered by the company, the reputation of the firm, the use of internet media and many more. Hence, the research focuses on understanding the factors that influence online purchasing and recommend effective online models for the improvement of e-commerce businesses. Gantt Chart It is important to note that every research has certain limitations. The time constraint is the primary limitation of a research. Hence, it is important to plan the schedule of the primary activities of a research to avoid any sort of uncertainties. The Gantt chart is presented below for further consideration: Gantt Chart Main Activities/ Stages Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Topic Selection Secondary Data Evaluation Preparation of Research Proposal Research Proposal Submission Preparation of literature review Development of research methodology Preparation of interview process Collection of primary data Data Analysis Contrasting findings Drawing discussion Recommendations and Conclusions Final Paper Submission References Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), pp.179-211. Akroush, M. and Al-Debei, M. (2015). 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Shopping Malls: Measuring Interpersonal Distance under Changing Conditions and across Cultures.Field Methods, 20(3), pp.226-248. Panitapu, M. (2015). Consumer Complex Buying Behavior.SSRN Electronic Journal. Soopramanien, D. (2010). Conflicting attitudes and scepticism towards online shopping: the role of experience.International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35(3), pp.338-347. Wu, S. (2013). The relationship between consumer characteristics and attitude toward online shopping.Marketing Intelligence Planning, 21(1), pp.37-44.