Gender Norm Media And Culture - 1035 Words

Name: Po-Chin Wu RIN: 661401218 Course: STSS-1520 Sociology Date: 10/9/2015 Gender norm in media and culture Dozens of action movies are produced every year by Hollywood. Not to mention how widely most violent scenes such as guns and kills are accepted in most of them. Although most may view them only as entertainments, it is undeniable that the overexposed ideas of power and dauntless from not only the movies but our daily media had slowly changed our social norms toward gun and violent. Over 900 mass shootings, defined as having four or more fatalities in one incident by CNN, has happened in less than three years since 2013. When in fact, as TV news and newspapers intended to inform titles like â€Å"a student opened fire† or â€Å"people are shot dead in a historic black church†, almost none marked out the issue on gender or men in the titles. African-Americans, psychotics, Mexicans, and immigrants are more often to be written in contents of violence, whereas only few articles wrote about white men, who also build up a big part of our masculinity society. In the past, viole nce came from anger in specific reasons; today, violence has become a way to represent our toughness and masculinity. Not only did our popular culture lead us to a narrower idea of distinct gender behaviors, such as men to be brave and women to be sensitive, our media provides us even more contents toward normalizing what should be violent and incorrect. Our every day mass media has emerged into the most powerfulShow MoreRelatedGender as Social Arrangements1337 Words   |  5 PagesGender is defined as the social arrangements that are built to meet personal traits of being male or female and society has created roles that reflect a gender to act in a certain way in society. 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This makes heteronomrative gender roles a self-fulling prophecy—with people performing these stereotypes, because they are presented as the norm. If feminized male characters serve as the stand-in for the female reader, then fanfictionsRead MoreGender Socialization : The Real World1442 Words   |  6 PagesGender Socializ ation When someone is pregnant, people will usually ask for the sex of the unborn child thus proving that people are socially categorized from the beginning of life and is something that is continued throughout life. One is expected to behave the way their assigned gender is supposed to behave. Gender socialization is when people are expected to act a certain way based on their â€Å"gender†. 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This essay will address the way in which gender identities are constructed and expressed through media and popular cultures using Hebdige’s theory; Symbolic Interaction. Both gender identities will test the typical affiliated gender stereotype; which are created by social interactions – what a person sees and interprets in their

Primitive Accumulation And Its Effect On Society - 1559 Words

Introduction Primitive accumulation is a term interpreted to various degrees by different political economists. According to Marx, primitive accumulation in communities served as an inevitable harbinger to capitalism, where it is described as a manoeuvre by which capital is accumulated by a small section of the community by deploying violence. â€Å"The capitalist system presupposes the complete separation of the labourers from all property in the means by which they can realise their labour.† Involved here is â€Å"a process that transforms, on the one hand, the social means of subsistence and of production into capital, on the other, the immediate producers into wage labourers.† This â€Å"historical process...appears as primitive, because it forms the pre-historic stage of capital...† (Capital, Volume I, Part VIII, Progress Publishers, p 668). Adam Smith in the Wealth of the Nations set forth this concept in a different perspective as in capitalism was the result of the n atural process of division of labor where some became experts in producing a particular item and others mastered the act of marketing and selling those produce which eventually gave way to capitalism. Different views have been made by different analysts to the same concept of the emergence of capitalism. Capitalism can be considered similar to a biological entity with the ability to reproduce. Offsprings with different characters are produced and they continue to evolve. The Concept of accumulation by dispossessionShow MoreRelatedBlack Marxism By Cedric Robinson : Marxist Perspective On The World s Progression Into The Phenomenon Of Capitalism1362 Words   |  6 Pagesworld’s progression into the phenomenon of capitalism. 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The problem is that in ‘man-made’ terms ‘skillful’ propagandists still demonstrate pure Cosmic Ignorance in dealing with for them a ‘new situation’. When started to produce the contrary effects in recipients, the audience in a mental condition still premature for any kind of brain-washing regarding Internationalism. Therefore, the ‘pre-mature conditioning of the ‘Young Souls’ is perceived as ‘over-doing’ and swiftly leads to saturationRead MoreSociology and Social Change6068 Words   |  25 Pagesg., a member of a traditionally superordinate group in society turns out to be subordinate to a boss who belongs to a socially inferior group.    If individuals learn to recognize that which is not so obvious when they face drastic social transformations, we can assert that it is also under such conditions that sociologists further their knowledge of society and its regularities. It is thus not surprising that the scientific study of society was born in the midst of the most drastic transformationsRead MoreSociology and Social Change6058 Words   |  25 Pages, a member of a traditionally superordinate group in society turns out to be subordinate to a boss who belongs to a socially inferior group.    If individuals learn to recognize that which is not so obvious when they face drastic social transformations, we can assert that it is also under such conditions that sociologists further their knowledge of society and its regularities. It is thus not surprising that the scientific study of society was born in the midst of the most drastic transformationsRead MoreMarx And The Capitalist System1186 Words   |  5 Pagesobvious qualm was that our society is ever-engaging within a class struggle. This was something that not just native to America but every society. â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles†(Marx). Marx believed that the working class (proletariat) were being constantly exploited by the members of the bourgeoisie who would shrink the wages of the laborers in order to skim off a wide profit margin. He called this ‘primitive accumulation’. In an attempt to remedy

What explanations are offered for the development of nationalism Free Essays

string(70) " after Cold War had come to control public life in the United States\." Introduction The roots of nationalism go back to the middle of the eighteenth century and a movement called romanticism. Affecting art, journalism, philosophy, music, and politics, romanticism was a mood or a disposition that defied rigid definition. It did indicate a revolt against rationalism and a consequent emphasis on sentiment, feeling, and imagination. We will write a custom essay sample on What explanations are offered for the development of nationalism? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The emotions of the heart, it was argued, though irrational, should be valued over and above the intellectualizations of the head. So that whereas Rene Descartes had said, â€Å"I think, therefore I am,† Jean-Jacques Rousseau proclaimed, â€Å"A thinking man is a depraved animal. † In this havoc of power and ideas, one familiar face has re-emerged: that of nationalism. For many it is as undesirable as it is unbidden and unexpected. For others its recurrence is regrettable but comes as no surprise. For still others, it symbolizes the only sure way forward after the sudden shatters created by totalitarianism in the developmental paths of so numerous societies. For all, nationalism symbolizes a stage in the evolution of humanity to ‘higher forms’ of culture, one that should be endured or embraced, but is certainly destined to pass after a few chaotic decades (Smith 1995; Brown, Micheal, 1997). None of these situations seems to accord with the chronological facts or sociological realisms of ethnicity and nationalism. Instead of treating ethnicity and nationalism as phenomenon in their own right, they persist on evaluating them by the yardstick of a liberal evolutionary scheme, overt or tacit, one that is intrinsically problematic and perceptibly irrelevant to the dynamics of nations, nationalism and ethnic conflict. For liberals and socialists dedicated to the view that humanity progresses in stages to greater units of comprehensiveness and higher values, the nation and nationalism can simply represent a halfway house to the aim of a cosmopolitan culture and a global polity. On the one hand, the nation can be applauded for superseding all those local, inscriptive ties and communities that have controlled innovation and opportunity and enchained the human spirit. Its wider horizons have brought collectively all kinds of peoples with changeable origins, religions, occupations and class backgrounds and turned them into citizens of the defensive, civic nation. Conversely, the nation today has become an obstruction to progress, seeking ineffectively to control the flow of information and the channels of mass communication, and to obstruct and control the great economic institutions–transnational companies, world banks and trade organizations and the global financial and commodities markets. Although the great forces of globalization, economic, political and cultural, have already diluted the power of the nation-state and are fast making all national boundaries and responses obsolete (Schopfin, George, 2000; Hobsbawm 1990: ch. 6). Romanticism rejected the idea of the independence of the individual and stressed identification with an external whole, with something outside of oneself. Quite normally, this outside whole took the form of nature, as marked in the works of such romanticists as Wordsworth in England; Herder, Schiller, and Goethe in Germany; and Hugo, Rousseau, and Madame de Stael in France. Frequently also, the center of one’s identification was the â€Å"folk,† the cultural group, or nation. Nationalism, in other words, was a political expression of romanticism (William Booth, 1996, p. A-1). In many ways, the major philosopher of nationalism was Rousseau, whose influence on the French Revolution has been generally recognized. Rousseau’s ideal was the small, well-knit community in which each person freely gave himself over, quite literally, to every other person. We should obey the community, Rousseau taught, because in observing the community we obey ourselves. The identity and unity of our wills produce a â€Å"General Will† that is completing, indivisible, infallible, and always for the common good. The individual’s commitment and fondness to the community and the General Will are total. French Revolution and Nationalism Following the French Revolution, nationalism spread across the continent of Europe and beyond. In a real sense, the past of nineteenth-century Europe is the history of nationalism or as a minimum this is one way of looking at it. The twentieth century saw the dispersal of nationalism throughout the world. No country has been spared; none is an exemption. â€Å"Some Euro-enthusiasts, have hinted at the prospect of transcending the state and nation by forming a wider federation and a district political identity. Yet the federalists have been continually frustrated by the continuing vivacity of the national idea†. James Mayall, 1990, 94-5 With the exclusion of two brief periods, Western nationalism has continued unabated. For about a decade after each of the two world wars, Western nationalism was in a state of decline, even of ill reputation. It was nationalism, after all, that had set in motion cataclysmic events, leading to appalling waste of human and material resources. But the decline of Western nationalism did not last long. Its renaissance after World War I was much hastened by the fascist and the Nazi movements of the 1920s and 1930s. After the Second World War, Western nationalism owed much of its vitality to the French Gaullist movement of the 1950s and the 1960s. More about this currently. The same world wars that led to the transient decline of nationalism in the West set the stage for the rise of nationalism in the East. The â€Å"new nationalism,† as it came to be called, took place, for the most part, in colonial areas; and it was in large appraise a reaction against the Western policies of imperialism and invasion. At the turn of the century, colonial nationalism (more exactly, anticolonial nationalism) was almost an unknown phenomenon. Following World War I and the disintegration of the Ottoman and the Austro-Hungarian empires, nationalism began to appear in a few countries, most notably in India. After the Second World War and the dissolution of the German, British, French, and other imperial designs, nationalism mushroomed in formerly colonial countries. Nationalism after Cold War Nationalism takes hold after the Cold war. By 1950, the philosophy of the Nationalism after Cold War had come to control public life in the United States. You read "What explanations are offered for the development of nationalism?" in category "Expository essays" It was an ideology of American nationalist globalism, in which the United States was seen to be locked in global struggle with forces of international communism, proscribed by a Soviet government intent on world invasion. That struggle was believed to intimidate fundamental American values, most particularly freedom of enterprise and freedom of religion, and the leeway of spreading those values, which were deemed collective, to the rest of the world, which longed for them. Within this ideology, almost all international problems or crises were seen as part of the overarching conflict between the United States and the USSR—between their contending ideologies and ways of life. Within this framework, a threat to â€Å"freedom† anywhere in the world was deemed a risk to the American way of life. This presented a simple, dichotomous view that seemed too many if not most Americans to elucidate the often frustrating and considerably more composite developments of the postwar world. The roots of this philosophy lay in a tradition of belief about America’s national mission and destiny, a ritual reaching back to the seventeenth century. Key elements of this ideology were in place at the end of World War II; some developed throughout the war, and others preceded it. The final pieces fell into place between 1945 and 1950. All through those years, the range of U. S. foreign policy discourse grew more and more narrow. Though, American nationalist ideology given the principal underpinning for the broad public consent that supported Cold War foreign policy. Seen through the prism of that principles, the U. S. had emerged from World War II as a completely matured great power, dedicated to comprehending freedom all through the world and prepared to usher in a new golden age in its own image. After the war, the Soviet Union became a relentless foe because it exposed this idea of the American Century. From the late forties through the late eighties, the United States waged cold war against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics not mainly in the name of capitalism or Western civilization (neither of which would have united the American people behind the cause), but in the name of America in the name, that is, of the nation. The potency of the Nationalism ideology that appeared between 1945 and 1950—an principles that dominated U. S. public life at least until the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991—derivative largely from its nationalist appeal. Yet although the vast scholarly literature on the Cold War, American nationalism remains a little-studied element of postwar U. S. history. Indeed, as Stephen Vaughn noted practically twenty years ago in his study of democracy and nationalism in the propaganda work of the Committee on Public Information during World War I, twentieth-century American nationalism remains a subject deficiently in need of further study. (Vaughn, Stephen, 1980). Involvement of Soviet Empire Since the implosion first of the Soviet empire and then of the Soviet Union itself, nationalism has again affirmed itself as a force on the world scene, one not expected to fade away soon. The scholarly literature on nationalism is voluminous and seems to expand exponentially, mainly in the years since the earth-shaking events of 1989-91. The ideology around which the Cold War consent was forged from 1947 on consisted of three main constructs: national greatness, global accountability, and anticommunism. Anticommunism was the last leg of this ideological triad to fall into place. By illumination why the United States was having such a hard time meeting its global responsibilities while concurrently buttressing the nation’s claims to greatness, anticommunism put the entire ideology in working order. The third leg permitted the triad to stand. But the fundamental ideology was one of American nationalist globalism, not anticommunism. In itself, anticommunism was barely new to U. S. political culture in 1947. But with the Soviet Union sitting spanning Eastern and Central Europe, global anticommunism now became a defining constituent in U. S. foreign-policy ideology as signified in public discourse. The perception that the communist threat was worldwide received momentous amplification in 1949, with the â€Å"loss† of China to Mao’s army and the Soviet Union’s detonation of its first atomic device (William Claiborne, Washington Post, November 24, 1996, p. A-12). Nationalism and American Globalism The idea of the Soviet threat proved relevant precisely because it threatened the idea of the American Century. Global anticommunism fit impressively into the existing mixture of national greatness and global accountability, American nationalism and American globalism—as this mixture had already begun to function as an ideology of nationalist globalism that facilitated many Americans makes sense of their nation’s overriding place in the postwar world. Global anticommunism lent increased force to this ideological vision. The appeal of global anticommunism—and particularly the impact of the Truman Doctrine speech of March 12, 1947 should be understood in that context. In 1947 the Truman Doctrine provoked influential debate, though it clearly carried the day. In 1950 the application of that principle to Asia provoked overwhelming support. After the accent of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan in the first six months of 1947, and particularly after congressional support of the Marshall Plan in the wake of the Czech coup in February and March of 1948, the range of adequate public debate about the basic objectives of U. S. foreign policy had grown gradually more constricted. Fairly, Henry Wallace attempted to make these objectives a central question of the 1948 presidential campaign. But Wallace and the foreign-policy questions he sought to heave were painted with a red brush that left them beyond the pale of adequate public discussion. Certain basics of the civil rights and labor movements attempted to express dissent over U. S. foreign-policy initiatives in planned terms, but to do so they accepted the terms of the debate as recognized by the Truman administration’s stated global objectives. In doing so, groups like the NAACP and the UAW sought to gain both government and public support to precede their own domestic agendas. While both organized labor and African Americans achieved certain objectives as a result, their acceptance of the official objectives of U. S. foreign policy put in to the narrowing of public discourse relating to both national and international issues. In late 1948 and 1949, systematic dissidents who forthrightly opposed the fundamental foreign-policy strategy of the Truman administration, such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, and Henry Wallace, found themselves more insignificant than ever. The UE and other left-wing unions that divergent the Marshall Plan were debarred from the CIO, which in effect took away their status as well thought-of American trade unions. These dissenters had stepped outside the boundaries of legitimate discourse as distinct by the established notions of national greatness, global responsibility, and anticommunism. Wallace definitely preached his own principle of national greatness and global responsibility, but his failure to recognize global anticommunism nevertheless placed him beyond the pale. The lack of fundamental public debate concerning the nature and purposes of U. S. foreign policy after 1950 given to the development of an ever more militarized foreign policy controlled by narrow ideological blinders that covered fundamental international realities. â€Å"The so-called Cold War,† in the words of Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, â€Å"was far less the altercation of the United States with Russia than America’s expansion into the entire world—a world the Soviet Union neither proscribed nor created. † (Everett Carll Ladd, 1995) The ideology of American nationalist globalism, which distinct international reality in terms of a Manichaean struggle between the U. S. -led â€Å"free world† and Soviet-controlled communist totalitarianism, served to validate the expansion of U. S. power all through the world while obfuscating the enormous complications of a world experiencing the final collapse of European colonialism. It facilitated most Americans to feel pride in being citizens of a great nation that required only to protect its own way of life and to defend â€Å"free peoples everywhere† from totalitarian aggression. The absence of debate about the fundamental assumptions of U. S. foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War era served to reify that ideological commencement. Nationalism has been a momentous theme of the post-Cold War era. Throughout the Cold War, Americans welcomed refugees from the Captive Nations. After the Cold War, refugees either escaping the terror of dictatorial rulers or wanting to stake their claim to the American Dream lost their cachet with voters (accept those fleeing Castro’s Cuba). â€Å"The arrival of the greatest number of immigrants as the wave of eastern, central, and southern European ethnics in 1901-1910 caused anti-immigrant commitment to spread† (â€Å"Immigration,† Time/CNN, All Politics, Internet, March 25, 1996). Passions ran high in vote-rich states such as California, Florida, New Jersey, Texas, Illinois, New York, and California. Throughout the 1994 midterm elections, Californians ratified Proposition 187, which banned all state spending on illegal immigrants and requisite police to report suspected illegal to the California Department of Justice and the U. S. Immigration Service. Television sets sputtered with pictures of illegal Mexicans swarming across the border as a presenter intoned, â€Å"They just keep . † (Barone and Ujifusa,1996, p. 81). As the campaign escalated, Republicans Jack Kemp and William Bennett accused the measure, claiming it was â€Å"politically unwise and essentially at odds with the best tradition and courage of our party. † (Dick Kirschten, 1995, p. 150). Regardless of their protestations, Proposition 187 won handily, 59 percent to 41 percent. But whereas whites gave it 64 percent backing, 69 percent of Hispanics disapproved–a sharp demarcation of the new â€Å"us-versus-them† politics. (J. Joseph Huthmacher, 1969) Pete Wilson, the GOP governor who made the vote initiative a cornerstone of his reelection bid, won by an almost equal vote of 55 percent to 41 percent. Two years later, Kemp realigned his immigration stance once he was chosen by Bob Dole to be the 1996 Republican vice presidential nominee. Conclusion However, the role of nationalism, and particularly the nationalist symbolism of American world power, remains a derelict factor in our understanding of the Cold War’s origins. As the Cold War itself recedes into history and the view that the Russians ongoing it and the Americans won it becomes ever more commonplace, it is more important than ever to observe the ways in which the United States contributed to the Cold War’s origins, mainly through the universalist pretensions of its political culture. The triumphalism embedded in Francis Fukuyama’s view that the end of the Cold War marked â€Å"the end of history† constitutes a new, traditionally contingent variation on the ideology that framed that conflict from the beginning. In a world growing less rather than more pliant to the dictates of U. S. policy, such ideological thinking is potentially quite precarious. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union two years later, the ideological basics of American nationalist globalism have been loosened but not undone. There is no longer a domineering consensus, because there is no longer a prime perception of a single, overarching threat to the United States. But most Americans are quite sure that their country won the Cold War and that they are citizens of the world’s favored nation. As the Persian Gulf War demonstrated, national enormity and global responsibility can activate a potent public consensus behind large-scale intervention without anticommunism playing a role. Until we have a more thorough debate over the nature and purposes of our nation’s foreign policy in a multifaceted rapidly changing world, we remain in danger of falling back into an ideological description of international realities. If that should happen particularly if it should happen in combination with declining U. S. global domination, domestic economic travails, and the determination of awesome U. S. military power, it could pose a grave new threat itself, both to the wellbeing of the republic and to the wellbeing of the world. References: â€Å"Immigration,† Time/CNN, All Politics, Internet, March 25, 1996. Barone and Ujifusa, â€Å"The Almanac of American Politics†, 1996, p. 81. Brown, Micheal E., Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict (MIT:1997); Dick Kirschten, â€Å"Second Thoughts,† National Journal, January 21, 1995, p. 150. Everett Carll Ladd, America at the Polls, 1994 ( Storrs, Connecticut: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1995), p. 124. Hobsbawm, E.J., Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge:1992); J. Joseph Huthmacher, Massachusetts: People and Politics, 1919-1933 ( New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 162. Mayall, James, Nationalism and International Society (Cambridge,1990); Schopfin, George, Nations, Identity, Power: The New Politics of Europe (Hurst, 2000) Smith, A., Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (1995) Vaughn, Stephen. Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980 William Booth, â€Å"In a Rush, New Citizens Register Their Political Interest,† Washington Post, September 26, 1996, p. A-1. William Claiborne, â€Å"Democrats Don’t Have Lock on Hispanic Vote, Latino Leaders Say,† Washington Post, November 24, 1996, p. A-12. How to cite What explanations are offered for the development of nationalism?, Essays

Anxiety Is Reaction To Fearful Or Stressfulâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Anxiety Is Reaction To Fearful Or Stressful? Answer: Introduction Anxiety is a reaction to a fearful or stressful circumstance and might also occur due to illness. In most cases, the symptoms of anxiety are short-lived and may not affect normal function. Excessive anxiety might cause irrational thinking, behaviour problem and sleep problems. Sleep disorders are caused by several other factors other than anxiety. Studies link anxiety to environmental and genetic factors. This scholarly paper is based on a case study of DF who is experiencing nightmares due to anxiety after being involved in an accident. It will describe the aetiology and pathophysiology of anxiety and sleep disorder and the diagnostic tools available. Additionally, the study will discuss agents available for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorder. Finally, the paper will propose reasonable management strategies for DF. Aetiology The initiation and expression of anxiety are linked to genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Even though empirical evidence links the occurrence of anxiety to genes, no definitive gene has been identified as being the causative factor for anxiety disorder (1). Anxiety might run in the family, which increases the chances of being inherited. Environmental stresses that might cause anxiety include exposure to life stressors or breakup of an important relationship. Stress might play a fundamental role in the expression and progression of anxiety. The inability to cope with stressful events might increase the chances of stress in some individuals. Childhood trauma is another environmental factor that can cause anxiety. Physical disorders, use or withdrawal of a drug are all risk factors for anxiety disorder. Physical disorders that can cause anxiety are heart disorders, hormonal disorders and lung disorders. A variety of drugs have been linked to the increased risk of developing anxiety. Some of the most critical drugs in the occurrence of anxiety are alcohol, caffeine, cocaine and prescription drugs like corticosteroids (2). An individual who withdrawal from sedatives or alcohol has a risk of presenting with anxiety disorders like restlessness. Psychodynamic theory is the first theory that attempts to explain the aetiology of anxiety. Psychodynamic theory elucidates anxiety as a conflict between ego and id. Natural impulsive and aggressive drives might be experienced as unacceptable leading to repression. The repressed drives might break through repression and cause automatic anxiety. Another theory that attempts to explain the aetiology of anxiety is a cognitive theory. According to cognitive theory, anxiety is the propensity to elevate the possibility of danger. As such, patients presenting with anxiety disorders tend to avoid the events and places they think are dangerous. For instance, they avoid heights and crowds (3). Pathophysiology Key brain parts including the amygdala and thalamus play a vital role in the occurrence of anxiety disorders. These parts of the brain create the important prerequisites of the nervous detection and response system. Thalamus offers the first real processing part to organise sensory data gotten from the surrounding. The thalamus transmits information to cortical centres for processing and then to amygdala for assessment of highly charged emotional information. It is the amygdala that offers emotional valence (1). The interaction of these two parts allows the organism to act swiftly on intricate but important events. An event or stimulus becomes an anxiety if the activity of fear-response network results in maladaptive distress or behaviour. Thus, some events might not be interpreted as anxiety. Besides, neurotransmitters play an important role in the occurrence and expression of anxiety. The symptoms of anxiety are also evident due to the interaction of the brain, peptides and neurotransmitters. Dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine are some of the major mediators of anxiety disorder symptoms. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has also been characterised by its involvement in the expression of anxiety (2). A sequence of reactions occurs before the symptoms of anxiety are expressed. The hypothalamus receives signals from the amygdala. The signals influence the nervous system to impact heart rate and blood pressure as well as stress-associated changes. The amygdala further affects the HPA axis resulting in the secretion of stress hormones. One of the most important stress hormones that are secreted is the cortisol (4). Cortisol can damage the brain if it is escalated for extended periods. Apart from the brain, cortisol might also damage other vital body organs. This aspect expl ains why anxiety should be addressed early. The knowledge on how amygdala influences the fear response is important because it offers valuable targets for current pharmacological treatments. Diagnostic tools General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) The GAD-7 is an effective tool for detecting general anxiety disorder in primary care patients. There is also a short version of the GAD-7 which is the GAD-2. The GAD-2 comprises of two questions that test whether a patient has anxiety. The self-reporting questionnaire enables the expeditious detection of GAD. Clients are asked whether they have been troubled by any anxiety associated issue in the last two weeks and answer seven questions on a 4-point scale (5). GAD-7 is applied due to its sensitivity. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) The BAI diagnostic tool consists of 21 items that measure the severity of anxiety. The 21 items describe different signs of anxiety that occur in the general public. Patients are requested to rate how much they are disturbed by symptoms of anxiety in the last one week. This diagnostic tool uses a four-point scale from zero to three. Individuals whose scores are above 21 points are deemed to have symptoms of anxiety. BAI is effective for evaluating the severity of different anxiety disorders such as social phobia, panic disorder (6). DSM-IV-TR diagnostic tool DSM-IV-TR is used to diagnose generalised anxiety disorder and is organised into a 5-part axial system (7). Axis one consists of clinical disorders commonly accompanied with mental disorders. Axis two comprises of intellectual disabilities as well as personality disorders. The other axes comprise of environmental, psychosocial, medical and childhood factors. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) The HADS has two independent scales, one for depression and one for anxiety. The design of this tool aims to prevent content overlap. Even though this tool offers great psychometric scale for the two scales, the distinction of the scales is determined by the participants of the study. This tool has a simple design, yet it is reliable. The use of the term hospital suggests that the tool is suitable for hospital settings alone. However, HADS has been successfully used in settings outside hospital such as in the community and primary care settings (8). Treatment Pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacotherapy are the main approaches to the management and treatment of anxiety. The treatments of anxiety are personalised based on the symptoms of the patient, health status, age, comorbid and preferences. Pharmacotherapy Prescription drugs that are used for managing general anxiety disorders are hydroxyzine, buspirone, benzodiazepines, pregabalin, benzodiazepines and antidepressants (9). Antidepressants are more preferred than benzodiazepines for the management of general anxiety disorder because their side effects are tolerable and lack risk of dependency. They are also efficient in managing comorbid conditions. However, benzodiazepines are the most effective drugs in managing the symptoms of anxiety in the short-term (1). Benzodiazepines are the most effective drugs for the management of anxiety symptoms in the short-term. Individuals who are experiencing sleep disturbances can control the problem using benzodiazepines. In case a patient has anxiety symptoms but does not present with depression symptoms, they are advised to use pregabalin and buspirone. Even though hydroxyzine is effective in managing anxiety disorders, it is unsuitable for in the long-term because of its side effects. Non-pharmacologic therapy Stress management, exercises, psychoeducation and psychotherapy, are classified as non-pharmacological therapy (1). Education is designed to address relevant information on general anxiety disorder as well as its management. The most effective education advises patients to withdraw stimulants. They are informed how to avoid alcohol, caffeine and diet pills. Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective psychological therapy for patients with general anxiety disorder (10). In the short-term, CBT focuses on educating clients how to resume the activities they have been avoiding due to anxiety. Most patients with anxiety have reported success after using CBT. Sleep Disorder Aetiology Sleep disorders increase with age and are common among adults. The most common types of sleep disorders are insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders and restless legs syndrome (RLS) (11). The causes of sleep disorders can be classified as psychological, medical and environmental. People with sleep disorders always exhibit or complain about concomitant signs such as daytime sleepiness. In some cases, a bed partner might detect hallmark symptoms of sleep disturbances. Medical conditions Congestive heart failure and ischemia are the cardiac conditions that might result in the occurrence of sleep disorder. Besides, neurological illnesses such as dementia, stroke, peripheral nerve damage and degenerative conditions may lead to disordered sleep. Endocrine problems impacting sleep are associated with menopause, hyperthyroidism as well as pregnancy. Pulmonary illnesses such as COPD and asthma have been linked to disordered sleep (12). Several gastrointestinal conditions are also responsible for the occurrence of sleep disorder. Various substances such as caffeine and alcohol may cause insomnia. Psychiatric conditions Most psychiatric disorders tend to co-occur with other medical conditions. Depression is among the medical conditions that cause alterations to the normal sleep patterns. Empirical evidence suggests that about 40 percent of the people with depression also have insomnia. Likewise, PTSD and anxiety disorders increase the risk of sleep disturbances (13). Even the prescribed drugs that are used to manage these psychiatric conditions increase the chances of sleep disorder. For instance, antidepressants tend to interfere with normal sleep pattern. Environmental conditions Certain environmental factors might predispose an individual to sleep disturbances. Life-threatening events have been found to cause insomnia. The work structure including shifts and working hours might result in changes in altitude. Environmental noise and extremely warm temperatures might lead to sleep deprivation (14). Pathophysiology Sleep is influenced and controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. This nucleus control circadian rhythm. Sleep is divided into two main categories depending on muscle contractions and movement of the eyes. The first type of sleep is rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep is characterised by the movement of eyes and dreaming, but the body is always paralysed. The second type of sleep is Non-REM (NREM) sleep (15). This type of sleep comprises of stages one to four. Stage one is a transition point between wake and sleep. People get a lot of sleep in stage two. The other two stages, three and four are clustered together and termed as deep sleep or delta sleep. Distractions in the patterns of REM or NREM sleep occur in individuals who develop sleep disorders. There are intricate sequences of biological processes that influence the sleep-wake cycles. The suprachiasmatic nucleus that has been mentioned in a previous paragraph is considered to be the bodys anatomical timekeeper. This nucleus is responsible for the secretion of melatonin, which occurs after every 24 hours (16). When subjected to bright light, pineal gland releases low amounts of melatonin. Thus, the level of this secretion is low during the daytime. Some neurotransmitters play a fundamental role in sleep. These neurotransmitters are serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Conversely, dopamine is linked to wakefulness (14). Other neurotransmitters that are associated with wakefulness are hypocretin, histamine and substance P. It is evident that cognitive, physiologic and cortical arousal is critical in the pathophysiology of sleep disorders. Diagnostic tools Various tools are used to diagnose sleeping disorders. The primary tool that is used to diagnose sleep disorders is a polysomnography (PSG). This tool records electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), electrooculogram (EOG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) (17). Other aspects that are recorded include oximetry, airflow, abdominal and thoracic movements. The onset of sleep, sleep levels, arousal, eye movements, heart rhythm, respiratory effort and arrhythmias are also recorded. ECG is useful for detecting phenotyping and apnoea sleep sections. It is also useful for rhythm measurements and HR. PSG can be used to monitor sleep at home (18). Daytime sleep is also monitored to determine the extent of sleep disorder in a patient. However, daytime sleep might be monitored when the patient manifests significant symptoms of sleep disorders. Multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) and maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) are the primary techniques for measuring daytime sleep (1). Epworth Sleep iness Scale (ESS) is another tool that is used to assess sleepiness. The ESS comprises of a simple questionnaire that forecasts subjective sleepiness. Treatment Non-pharmacological Losing weight is among the most effective non-pharmacological techniques of managing sleep apnea (19). Patients are guided to set goals for weight loss, which might entail daily exercises and diet management. Some patient with sleep disorders might be sleepwalkers. Providers may establish approaches to alleviate the problem of sleepwalking in these patients. This approach would also prevent the risk of getting hurt at night. Another treatment method is light-phase shift therapy. This therapy is appropriate for sleep disorders linked to circadian rhythm abnormalities. The sleep pattern can be normalised by exposing patients to bright light (14). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is another treatment technique that is widely used for sleep disorders. Specifically, CBT is used for the treatment of insomnia. However, CBT is only effective in the short-term and might not be effective in some patients. One study involving 160 adults experiencing insomnia revealed that CBT is effective. The patients exhibited substantial recovery in time wake and sleep latency (20). The combination of CBT with other treatments such as zolpidem is more effective than CBT alone. The recent treatments comprise the use of software programs to record sleep behaviour and cycles. This non-pharmacological therapy entails wearing a wrist band or motion detection technology integrated into a smartphone. The software program gathers information that can be used to determine quality and duration of sleep (14). The information can be used to suggest methods of refreshing the sleep. A device can even include an alarm that is designed to prevent disturbing the patient from sleep. Pharmacological therapy Different medications have been introduced to treat sleep disorders. Drug therapy is mainly used to manage sleep disturbances in the short-term. Hypnotic drugs are recommended for short-term use such as two weeks. Nevertheless, for patients with chronic insomnia, hypnotic drugs may be used for long, but monitoring is needed to make sure patients use drugs appropriately. Hypnotic drugs also have addictive effects (21). Chloral hydrate is occasionally used due to safety concerns and undesirable side effects. Over-the-counter drugs have also been adopted for the management of sleep disorders. These include drugs that inhibit the histamine type 1 receptor. Over-the-counter drugs are less costly and assist certain patients to address sleep disorders. Patients should use such drugs with precaution because of their anticholinergic properties. Besides, many of these medicines take long to act, and their sedative impacts persist for more than one day. The most current drugs for treating sleep disorders are zaleplon and zolpidem. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve these two drugs. FDA has also recommended eszopiclone for long-term use in the treatment of insomnia. These drugs have been approved due to their effectiveness and low risk of adverse side effects. Other drugs that have been approved by FDA are Tasimelteon and Suvorexant (14). These drugs are administered based on the condition of the patient, efficacy and prosperity to induce side effects. Management strategies for DF DF can use both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to get better sleep. The patient started experiencing sleep disturbances after an accident. Thus, the treatment approaches should not interfere with her current condition of DF. Counseling will be important for DF to sleep better. Counseling DF should first consider her diet as well as physical activity. No specific diet can be used to manage insomnia. However, DF should avoid large portions of meals and spicy foods at least three hours before proceeding to sleep. DF should keep away items that result in sleep disturbance like caffeine and alcohol. Caffeine is contained in certain drinks such as coffee and tea and should be avoided late in the day. Alcohol which is contained in alcoholic drinks might create the illusion of better sleep, but it negatively impacts sleep architecture. Nicotine, which can be compared with caffeine is a stimulant and should be avoided few hours before sleep time (22). A good practice for DF is to avoid taking these substances in the afternoon because their stimulating effect might persist into the night. DF can consume foods that contain tryptophan because they have higher chances of inducing sleep. An example of good food is warm milk. Additionally, DF can embrace relaxation techniques just before bedtime (23). DF should exercise daily to improve her condition. Evidence suggests that strenuous exercises during the day might lead to comfortable sleep. DF should avoid strenuous exercises at least three hours before bedtime. Such exercises might result in initial insomnia. The client should avoid any stimulating activity three hours before bedtime. For instance, DF should avoid tense movies and thrillers. The patient should further embrace a regular sleeping and waking time. She should avoid naps because they can have an adverse impact on her sleeping patterns. In case, DF starts struggling to sleep she should get up and wait for sleep to come (14). Medication The best medication for DF to get better sleep is zolpidem. The duration of action of zolpidem is six to eight hours, and the daily dose range is five to ten mg. Several specific reasons make zolpidem appropriate for DF. The pathway for the drug is oxidation and has short-moderate duration (24). Zolpidem has no impact on sleep architecture and is has the potential of sedation. Conclusion Sleep disorders and anxiety are normal occurrences that are prevalent in the society. These problems tend to disappear after a short time, but they might be long-lived in some patients. As indicated in the case study, anxiety might lead to sleep disturbances. Early detection and treatment of sleep disorders and anxiety are needed to prevent significant adverse outcomes. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been found effective for managing these problems. DF is advised to modify her lifestyle and use zolpidem to get better sleep. References Chisholm-Burns M, Schwinghammer T, Wells B, Malone P, Kolesar L, JT D. Pharmacotherapy: Principles Practice. 3rd ed.: McGraw Hill; 2013. Greist JH. Overview of Anxiety Disorders. [Online].; 2017 [cited 2017 8 28. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/anxiety-and-stress-related-disorders/overview-of-anxiety-disorders.Bhatt NV, Baker MJ. Anxiety Disorders. [Online].; 2017 [cited 2017 8 28. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview#a5.Chen Y, Lyga J. Brain-Skin Connection: Stress, Inflammation and Skin Aging. Inflammation Allergy-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation Allergy). 2014 June; 13(3): p. 177-190.Seo JG, Park SP. Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. The journal of headache and pain. 2015 November; 16(1): p. 97.Muntingh A, van der Feltz-Cornelis C, van Marwijk H, Spinhoven P, Penninx B, van Balkom A. Is the Beck Anxiety Inventory a good tool to assess the severity of anxiety? A primary care study in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). BMC family practi ce. 2011 June; 12(1): p. 66.Creswell C, Waite P, Cooper PJ. Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Archives of disease in childhood. 2014 Jully; 99(7): p. 674-678.Aseri ZAA, Suriya MO, Hassan HA, Hasan M, Sheikh SA, Tamimi AA, et al. Reliability and validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in an emergency department in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional observational study. Bmc emergency medicine. 2015 October; 15(1): p. 28.Huh J, Goebert D, Takeshita J, Lu BY, Kang M. Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a comprehensive review of the literature for psychopharmacologic alternatives to newer antidepressants and benzodiazepines. The Primary Care Companion to CNS Disorders. 2011; 13(2): p. PCC.08r00709

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Evaluation and comparison of PepsiCo and the Coca-cola company Today Pepsi is a huge international and multibillion dollar soft-drink and snack food company second only to Coca Cola. It is hardly what Caleb Bradley had in mind when he created a soft drink formula in his North Carolina pharmacy store in 1898. In its early days Bradley sold only the syrup needed to make the Pepsi drink. Today we have countless choices of drinks and snacks all under the Pepsi name. Caleb Bradley patented his formula in 1902 and started making and selling it out of his pharmacy. He had great success with it, and production increased almost exponentially. During World War I sugar began to be rationed and prices rose over 500%. Caleb had no choice but to declare bankruptcy and sell his business to Roy C. Megargel, and investment banker, in 1928. But Megargel had very little luck with the company as well and in 1931, just three years later declares bankruptcy himself. A company by the name of Loft Inc. purchases most of the Pepsi shares and becomes a major shareholder of the corporation. After reorganizing, Pepsi begins to advertise on a massive scale. With the depression in full swing at the time Pepsi begins to sell 12 oz bottles of its product for just 5 cents compared to its competitor selling 6 oz bottle at the same price. It becomes known as the poor mans drink. It began to aggressively look to the international market, especially in Canada and Mexico. In 1934 Pepsi was finally able to open its first distribution center in an international market, Canada. From that point on the drink and the name had nowhere to go but up. New products were added to its list such as Diet Pepsi, Pepsi Free, etc. In 1965 Pepsi joined forces with a large snake food industry know as Frito Lay. Thanks to this merger the company was able to make for the first time $1 billion in sales, its first but certainly not its last. Pepsi also become purchasing fast food restaurants such as Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut. But in 1997 it spun off these fast food chains into another company. Today Pepsi make over $40 billion a year and this number is increasing every year. The brand name alone is worth over $12 billion which puts it in the top 20 most valuable names in the world. There seems to be no stopping this giant in the soft drink industry, but every company has a rival and Pepsi has some very powerful ones. PepsiCo and The Coca Cola Company Performance Ratio Comparisons: PepsiCo Inc Fiscal Year 2009 Profitability Growth Cash Flow Financial Health Efficiency Ratios Ratio Comparisons: The Coca Cola Company Ratio Comparisons Profitability Growth Cash Flow Financial Health Efficiency Ratios Stock Charts: PepsiCo Inc 3 month stock chart 6 month stock chart 1 year stock chart Stock Charts: The Coca Cola Company 3 month stock chart 6 month stock chart 1 year stock chart Stock Prices: PepsiCo Inc Stock Prices: The Coca Cola Company Development: PepsiCo Inc Product Add more than 200 product variations a year to keep up with changes in consumer taste New Age beverages SoBe No Fear (energy drink) SoBe Synergy (targeted to school-aged children) SoBe Fuerte (Hispanic market) Propel Fitness Water Obesity concerns Low-carb Doritos, Cheetos, and Tostitos Health concerns Natural and organic chips Hispanic markets Popular brands from a Mexican subsidiary (Sabritones Chile and Lime puffed wheat snacks) Culture Pepsi Refresh Project Pepsi is awarding grants from $5,000 to $250,000 to consumer-generated ideas that will make a positive impact in the world. The program launched on January 13, 2010 and will award more than $20 million in 2010 to move communities forward. Aug 27, 2010 CVS Pharmacy and Boundless Playgrounds Join the Refresh Challenge to Support Children of All Abilities Current Developments Aug. 4, 2010 PepsiCo announces company is investing USD $3 million over next three years to create Agricultural Development Center of Peru (CEDAP), which will develop new varieties of potatoes and other tubers and roots. This is meant to develop new and healthier products and to encourage commercial cultivation of these species in ways that preserve biodiversity Aug 16, 2010 PepsiCo announces plan to invest USD $250 million in Vietnam over next three years. New investment includes increasing manufacturing capacity, adding marketplace equipment, further strengthening brands, and broadening companys product portfolio via innovation Market Differentiation Strategy Industry-leading Nutrition Goals Reduce the average saturated fat per serving in key global food brands in key markets by 15% by 2020 Reduce the average added sugar per serving in key global beverage brands in key markets by 25% by 2020 Reduce the average sodium serving in key global food brands in key markets by 25% by 2020 Increase whole grains, fruits and vegetables, nuts, seeds, and low-fat dairy in its product portfolio Environmental Goals Provide access to safe water to three million people in developing countries by the end of 2015 Reduce packaging weight by 350 million pounds by 2012 Work to eliminate all solid waste to landfills from PepsiCos production facilities Commit to an absolute reduction in greenhouse gas emissions across global operations Future Pepsico hopes to revive Quaker with new products Pepsi plans to cut sodium by one-fourth in key brands in five years, and cut sugar per serving in drinks by 25 percent in the next 10 years. Development: The Coca Cola Company Product Calorie concerns 2006 Enviga, negative calorie green tea drink 2007 Glaceau (Vitamin Water) 2009 90-calorie mini can (7.5 fl oz) Culture Live Positively Cokes project to help make a positive difference in the world through sustainability with focuses on climate protection, balanced living, education, and community Give It Back Recycling Program Coca Cola is asking for its consumers to return the cans and plastic bottles of Coke they buy in order to make backpacks, t-shirts, rugs, etc. Aug 24, 2010 Coca-Cola workers strike in Bellevue Sept 1, 2010 Strike announced at Edmonton Coca Cola factory Current Developments Sept 7, 2010 Coca Cola Enterprises plans to sell its North American business to Coca Cola Co in the fourth quarter Aug 30, 2010 Coca-Cola West (Japan) to buy vegetable juice maker Qsai for $421 million Coca Cola Freestyle A touch screen soda fountain with over 100 different Coca-Cola beverage products and custom flavors. Market Differentiation Strategy Future Coca Cola drinks in Japan made from Kale, a nutrition but not very tasty vegetable, may turn up in stores Coca Cola buys major Russian juice producer Nidan Company Comparison In PepsiCos 2009 Annual Report to shareholders, it identifies a plethora of competitors. Notable competitors include Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., Nestlà ©, and Kellogg. However, no rivalry is longer or larger than the one between PepsiCo and Coca-Cola. Not only are these two the first and second largest food and beverage companies in the world, these two have a vested interest in keeping the competition alive. In this industry, where margins and market share determine profitability, marketing plays a vital role in bringing in creating new loyal customers and maintaining the old ones. And both of these companies have benefited from the marketing of the other. Product Comparison Its easy to compare these two companies given the similarity in their products. Both have well-known brands for soda, sports drinks, juices, and water. They both also see the benefit in vertically integrating their supply chain. While PepsiCo chose to purchase its two largest bottlers, The Coca-Cola Company has continued to hold a large share in their bottling companies. These companies compete on a product by product basis as is detailed in the chart below. It is important to note that one key line is not included, popular snacks. PepsiCo has acquired a multitude of brand named snack companies including Frito-Lay while Coca-Cola while having over 3,000 different beverages sells only that, beverages. This has helped PepsiCo diversify and increase its sales and market compared to Coca-Cola. PepsiCo The Coca-Cola Company Bottling Acquired Pepsi Bottling Group and PepsiAmericas Owns 34% share of Coca-Cola Enterprises and 32% share of Coca-Cola FEMSA Soda Pepsi, Mountain Dew, and Mug Coca-Cola, Fanta, and Sprite Sports Drink Gatorade Powerade Orange Juice Tropicana Minute Maid Water Aquafina Dasani and Evian Size and Profitability Comparison As much as PepsiCo tries to compete on the same grounds as The Coca-Cola Company, for the time being Coca-Cola is still the leader in many ways financially. For one, PepsiCo is significantly smaller than The Coca-Cola Company. In 2009, PepsiCos Market Capitalization was only 80% of Coca-Colas. Furthermore, the Coca-Cola Company has continued to sell more efficiently than PepsiCo. In 2009, all of Coca-Colas profit ratios were significantly greater than PepsiCos. Perhaps this is partially explained by the greater number of employees PepsiCo employees. PepsiCo is winning out on top line growth however, with more than $10B in sales last year alone. PepsiCo The Coca-Cola Company Stock Ticker PEP KO Headquarters Purchase, NY Atlanta, GA 2009 Number of Employees 203,000 92,800 2009 Market Capitalization $103 B $130 B 2009 Sales $43.2 B $31.0 B 2009 Gross Profit Margin 53.5% 64.2% 2009 Operating Margin 18.6% 26.6% 2009 Net Profit Margin 13.8% 22% Investment Comparison At first glance, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola may seem like they are about equal when it comes to what stockholders are looking at. Shareholders want a maximum return on their investment either through an increased stock price or dividends. Given that PepsiCo and Coca-Cola are both seen as value stocks by most investors, the amount they provide in dividends is of significant importance. Given PepsiCos higher Dividends per Share in this category regardless of how small is worth noting. (2009) PepsiCo The Coca-Cola Company Dividends per Share $1.77 $1.64 EPS $3.86 $3.18 P/E 16.61 17.66 Qualitative Comparison But a company is more than just its numbers. A companys qualitative features like its core values and growth plans for the future are of equal importance. Both PepsiCo and Coca-Cola are interested in expressing a commitment to health, but they do it in significantly different ways. PepsiCos interest in health is centered around sustainability. They highlight their three commitments to human, environmental, and talent sustainability whereas Coca-Cola takes a more human centric view on health. It is specifically trying to promote a healthy lifestyle through education, nutrition information, and exercise. Both are trying to fight the obesity epidemic and offer healthier choices, but their ways vary. The Decision to Invest Industry Analysis Before deciding whether or not to invest in PepsiCo, one must investigate if now is the time to investigate in its industry. The difficulty in studying PepsiCos industry is that it falls into a couple of industries. The Business Company Resource Center returned eight possible industries, but the most salient one and the one PepsiCo aligns most with is the Bottled Canned Soft Drinks Industry. The good news for PepsiCo is that the soft drinks industry is now and is projected to remain extremely concentrated. PepsiCo, along with Coca-Cola, are either the cause or effect of this trend and have helped lead the United States to be the number producer and consumer of soft drinks. But this market is heavily saturated, and the regions projected to be able to offer the most growth in the next decade are the Asian and South America markets. By targeting these groups and catering to their cultural expectations, significant returns can still be made. The biggest challenge for the industry going forward is addressing the growing concern that soft drinks are causing an obesity epidemic. By offering healthier alternatives, or perceived healthier alternatives such as diet colas, juices, and bottled water, this can be overcome. The significant investment that Pepsi has made in its campaign to promote a healthier lifestyle will also not go unnoticed. The number one ingredient in soft drinks may become more difficult to obtain. The supply of water, the largest ingredient in almost all of Pepsis products, could become more strained as pollution and droughts continue to plague the resource. Developing a plan to share and conserve this resource and addressing all the growing concerns over its supply will be important for Pepsi. Management Analysis No company can be successful long term without the right management team. PepsiCos committed CEO has been with the company for almost two decades in a variety of strategic and operational leadership positions. She has a firm understanding of the industry as well the growth strategy that she has been implementing for years. Perhaps more important than what PepsiCos leadership is known for, is what they arent known for. No member has gained public attention for unethical financial decisions or misdoings. What else should be included here? Expert Opinions February 20, 2008 While many companies saw business decline in the fourth quarter, PepsiCo met expectations even after investing heavily abroad for growth. It posted a 17% gain in revenue and an 11% increase in operating profit as core brands came through. The company had double-digit growth in snacks and drinks in emerging markets. (article from 2008) http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/CompanyFocus/WhyPepsiCoStockIsABuyNow.aspx April 14, 2010 Coke or Pepsi: Which stock to buy? The ability to leverage sales across a wider variety of products will be a powerful driver for PepsiCo here and overseas. This is referring to PepsiCo and snack items http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/learn-how-to-invest/coke-or-pepsi-which-stock-to-buy.aspx Summary

Mother-daughter Relationships Essay -- Mother-Daughter Relationships

The relationship between parents and their children is one of the most basic human interactions. Mothers and daughters provide both physical and emotional care for their young sons and daughters. In the process, parents will instill children with family values and goals, while teaching them the accepted norms and values of society. This is done in hope that parents will one day see their own children become mature adults, with their own goals and purposes in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mother-daughter relationships can be complex, but also filled with compassion and love. Mothers and daughters often seem farther away from each other than they really are. Usually when a girl goes through adolescence, the relationship between her and her mother begin to change in many different ways, but can grow at the same time. Even though the wars between a mother and daughter can ravage a relationship, they can easily be recognized earlier enough to keep a relationship from severing the ties that a mother and daughter have with one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolescence... a time of seemingly more freedom, junior high to high school, football games, dances, parties, going out for pizza, dating, driving, a later curfew, going to the mall, and talking on the phone almost non stop. Many mothers rarely see their daughters during these times. With all the time she begins to spend with her friends, it seems as if the major issues constantly being discussed are bedtimes, clothing and chores. #Girls are growing up and it may seem as if their mothers are being needed less, but they are needed, just in a different way. When I was beginning to enter adolescence, I wasn’t completely separated from my mother, but I could feel it was beginning to happen. My sister Erin, who is now 21 felt the same way. #â€Å"When I was younger, between 14-18 I separated form my mother and it almost felt like I was completely separated from her.† Even though girls may feel like they are farther away from their mothers that they could ever get, it is not the end of the world. Most girls are close to their mothers when they are young, and many return to that closeness as adults. But few girls manage to stay close to their mothers during junior high and high school. I have realized that before I entered into high school, my mother and I had a close relationship. I was the exception of most girls my age and many of them seemed jealou... ... from knowing that they see them. Every daughter and mother love each other but it’s when a daughter can say I really like my mother and when a mother feels the same way, that one knows the relationship has succeeded. Bibliography http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~vista/pdf_pubs/GATEWAY4.PDF. Web 20 April, 2015. Bauch, P. A., Vietze, P., & Morris, V. (1973). What makes the difference in parental participation? Childhood Education, 50, 47-53. http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~vista/pdf_pubs/GATEWAY4.PDF. Web 20 April, 2015. http://www.knowledgetree.com/parents.htm. Web 7 April, 2015. Hickman, C. W., Greenwood, G. E., & Miller, M. D. (1995). High school parent involvement: Relationships with achievement, grade level, SES, and gender. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 28, 125-134. http://www.knowledgetree.com/parents.htm. Web 3 April, 2015. Reynolds, Cathy. Personal Interview. Web 4 April, 2015. Reynolds, Erin. Personal Interview. Web 6 April, 2015. Reynolds, Jason. Personal Interview. Web 8 April, 2015. Troll, Lillian E. "Family-Embedded vs. Family Deprived Oldest-Old: A Study of Contrasts." International Journal of Aging and Human Development

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence Essay

Many years ago it was quite common to label someone with a high IQ as a â€Å"genius† or as being more intelligent than others. Albert Einstein is one of those men who were labeled as a genius because of all that he had accomplished at such a young age. Undeniably, Einstein’s smarts were extremely remarkable, but records show that he was not the best student. Although Einstein scored extremely well in areas like Math and Physics, it has been noted that in areas like linguistics, he did not excel (Albert Einstein, 2005). Does this make Einstein, any less of a genius? According to Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, a person’s intelligence isn’t necessarily measured in standardized testing or school grades. Gardner identifies that each person’s learning style is different, so the intelligence could excel in any of the eight styles: Linguistic, Musical, Logical, Naturalistic, Visual, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal ( Kowalski & Westen, 2011). This means that someone like Ludwig van Beethoven who may not have been as scholarly as Albert Einstein, can still be considered a genius due to his musical intelligence. The eight different intelligences described by Gardner are what he believed to be the eight strengths in which a person can learn. Gardner believed that because everyone can learn in one of these eight different styles, then they could excel in any of the respective fields. A person who possesses a linguistic intelligence is described as someone who uses words and communication effectively. A person with linguistic intelligence would have excellent auditory skills, and translates everything into words or speech. On the other hand, someone who possesses the learning style of spatial intelligence would be most comfortable with graphics, physical imagery, and visuals (Campbell, 1992). However, someone with a preference to the kinesthetic style of learning would be most comfortable with being hands on. They learn by doing, touching, and anything that involves physical activity, therefore their intelligence might look more like acting out, or role playing. Another learning style of multiple intelligences described by Gardner is naturalistic. Someone who possesses a naturalistic style of learning is more in tune with their surroundings, and focus a lot with what nature is giving them. The naturalistic intelligence was not added to the multiple intelligences until much later. Gardner’s theory was introduced to naturalistic in response to the nature versus nurture debate, in which a person learns from their surroundings, or environment in which they are in (Sulaiman, Hassan, & Yi, 2011). One of the bigger learning styles in Gardner’s theory is that of intrapersonal and interpersonal. Intrapersonal is that in which a person learns from themselves. Someone who keeps to themselves and does not get socially involved (Campbell, 1992). On the complete different spectrum, is the interpersonal learning style. Like a social butterfly, interpersonal refers to someone who works well with others, enjoys working in teams, center of attention, and just like they seek attention of others, others seek their attention as well. I personally identify with the interpersonal school of learning the best out of all of the intelligences in Gardner’s theory. I mostly work well when accompanied by others. I am a team player, and team leader. Others usually seek to me for advice, and I tend to deliver my best results, when working with others. This is the intelligence that is mostly credited with the slang term of â€Å"street smarts† (Sulaiman, Hassan, & Yi, 2011). Having played sports for a big part of my life, I tend to carry my thoughts as a team. I carry the team and make sure to understand everyone on the team. I always think of others first, and having that one on one interaction is most important to me. Throughout my career, I have found myself to be in leadership roles quite frequentl y, because many others who are not strengthen by the interpersonal intelligence feel as if I can lead better due to the emphasis I put on team work, and my adequate level of communication with the entire team. In the work place I have found this quite helpful, and it has helped me become very successful. The two other intelligences outlined in Gardner’s theory are that of musical and logical, or mathematical. Musical intelligence is referred to a person when they can relate everything to a rhythm, or sequence. Someone who possesses musical intelligence is also aware of the sounds and music space in their surroundings. Someone with musical intelligence would be aware of dichotic listening, and understand the importance of noise (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Music is a very big part of my life, what I do, and how I do it. I can remember growing up and not being able to go to sleep until music was playing in the background. I find myself being almost allergic to quite. I tend to do my best work when either I have music playing in the background, or if the TV is on. While in school, I usually found myself while studying, to be singing. I tend to associate rhyme and rhythm to a lot of the new things that I learn. According to Gardner, someone who possesses a musical intelligence is se nsitive to sound, and could hear music, or find the rhythm to anything, even before the words are spoken (Campbell, 1992). The last intelligence in Gardner’s theory is logical intelligence, or most commonly known as mathematical intelligence (Sulaiman, Hassan, & Yi, 2011). Someone who occupies the logical intelligence are said to think abstractly. They mostly need to learn and form concepts before they can deal with details. They calculate results, enjoy working the mind in the way that really uses the prefrontal vortex more than any other intelligence. Someone with logical thinking is believed to be someone who takes their time to analyze all possible circumstances, and work the problem for an answer. This type of person likes puzzles and word games to stimulate the brain. I identify myself as being a logical thinker due to the fact that one of my strengths is to be analytical. Albert Einstein was believed to belong in this intelligence field, due to his work in mathematics and physics. I find my intelligence to not be at the level of Einstein by any means, but I do relate to his earlier work being proficient in the math field over the linguistic (Albert Einstein, 2005). Since English is not my first language, growing up in the United States, going to school was very difficult for me, but numbers became my safe haven. Having learned numbers at a very young age (according to my teachers, I knew how to add and subtract by the time I was 3) I find myself most attracted to professions in which analytical thinking is required. Having worked as a District Investigator, it was required of me to look at paperwork and identify the fraud, or identify the theft by finding the patterns, or the number sequence. A big part of my job was to analyze transactions, and compare them to video images. Things are always better explained to me if broken down into patterns. Although Gardner divided the intelligences into eight separate categories, his theory believed that a person does not just dominate one intelligence, but rather takes a bit from all of the intelligences collectively. Just like it could be clearly identified that Albert Einstein that dominated the logical intelligence, his work shows that he might have possessed the intrapersonal intelligence as well as the spatial intelligence (Campbell, 1992). Gardner believed that the intelligence of someone could not necessarily be measured, by testing, but mainly by teachings, and learning styles. I feel as if I most identify with musical intelligence, logical intelligence, and interpersonal intelligence. My career thus far would suggest that these fields have brought me much success, but in my recent career change from Criminal Justice to Psychology, I will most likely learn to domain in the linguistic and spatial intelligence.

The Question Mark

The Question Mark The Question Mark The Question Mark By Sharon The question mark is used at the end of a direct question. Example: What is your name? she asked. It may also be used at the end of a tag question, which changes a statement into a question. Example: He left early, didnt he? Question marks should not be used at the end of indirect questions, such as: I asked my mother whether there were any messages. In a sentence which contains multiple questions, you may include a question mark after each. Example: Who saw the victim last? Her husband? Her son? Her daughter? Question marks are also used to denote missing information. This punctuation mark was first seen in the 8th century and was called the punctus interrogativus. There are many theories about the origin of the symbol, which has changed several times before settling on its current form in the 18th century. The Latin for question was quaestio, which was abbreviated to Qo in the Middle Ages. Its thought that the modern symbol represents the Q placed over the O. The term question mark dates from the 19th century. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesBody Parts as Tools of Measurement75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Free Essays on A Dolls House Review

DRAMA ASSIGNMENT â€Å"A DOLL’S HOUSE† After reading and reviewing the short extract from the play â€Å" A Doll’s House,† by Henrik Ibsen, it was clear to see the contrasting writing techniques and intelligent, creative characters. Through this play, it is apparent that the character of Torvald/Helmer really is in love with Nora, but only in a way that one would love his prized possession. Nora was a trophy, nothing more. The play depicts in credible fashion how Torvald is in love Nora, but only as deeply as he could understand the word. He is on love with his perfect wife, perfect house and his perfect children. Ibsen however has other plans for the characters, as a total role-reversal appears to take shape. The role of Nora takes a skyward leap from control and fear into reality. As the character of Torvald is swung into submission as he tries aimlessly to win back his escaped wife. When Nora takes of the mask that was for so long blinding her from the real world, a sense of self-worth takes over; sh e realizes that her life and marriage really are just a good faà §ade. In the extract Nora tells her husband, â€Å"You’ve never loved me, you’ve only found it pleasant to be in love with me.† Nora also tells it straight when she explains the condition of the relationship and her controlled situation, â€Å"When I lived at home with Papa, he used to call me his doll-child, and he played with me the way I played with my dolls. Then I come into your house, I mean I went from Papa’s hands into yours. You arranged everything to your own taste, and so I go the same taste as you, or at least I pretended to.† At this point, Nora's world transforms from a "doll's house" into reality. After having read the short extract from the play, I think that Ibsen had chosen the perfect title, for Nora's world was truly reflective of the title. I also feel that Ibsen foreshadowed the end cleverly when Nora takes the stand and walks out. Al... Free Essays on A Dolls House Review Free Essays on A Dolls House Review DRAMA ASSIGNMENT â€Å"A DOLL’S HOUSE† After reading and reviewing the short extract from the play â€Å" A Doll’s House,† by Henrik Ibsen, it was clear to see the contrasting writing techniques and intelligent, creative characters. Through this play, it is apparent that the character of Torvald/Helmer really is in love with Nora, but only in a way that one would love his prized possession. Nora was a trophy, nothing more. The play depicts in credible fashion how Torvald is in love Nora, but only as deeply as he could understand the word. He is on love with his perfect wife, perfect house and his perfect children. Ibsen however has other plans for the characters, as a total role-reversal appears to take shape. The role of Nora takes a skyward leap from control and fear into reality. As the character of Torvald is swung into submission as he tries aimlessly to win back his escaped wife. When Nora takes of the mask that was for so long blinding her from the real world, a sense of self-worth takes over; sh e realizes that her life and marriage really are just a good faà §ade. In the extract Nora tells her husband, â€Å"You’ve never loved me, you’ve only found it pleasant to be in love with me.† Nora also tells it straight when she explains the condition of the relationship and her controlled situation, â€Å"When I lived at home with Papa, he used to call me his doll-child, and he played with me the way I played with my dolls. Then I come into your house, I mean I went from Papa’s hands into yours. You arranged everything to your own taste, and so I go the same taste as you, or at least I pretended to.† At this point, Nora's world transforms from a "doll's house" into reality. After having read the short extract from the play, I think that Ibsen had chosen the perfect title, for Nora's world was truly reflective of the title. I also feel that Ibsen foreshadowed the end cleverly when Nora takes the stand and walks out. Al...