Reason for Regulating Natural Monopolies and the Effective Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Reason for Regulating Natural Monopolies and the Effective Strategies. Answer: Introduction A natural monopoly is a single firm that supplies a certain line of product for the whole market. It originates from the definition of monopoly where a single seller suppliers the entire market (Bennett Coleman, 2017). This firm has the ability to produce high level of output at a lower cost (Molinuevo Sez, 2014). This ability is created by the presence on entry barriers and the fact that the single firm has increased economies of scale. The government has a role of ensuring that businesses are operated efficiently and that the output is sold at a fair price. The government has two options to ensure fair pricing is observed; one is that it can own the natural monopoly or it can regulate those that are privately owned (McEachern, 2013). The notion that the natural monopoly needs to be regulated is self-explanatory that there is a possibility of unfair practices if the single firm is left to operate with no regulation (Int'L Business Publications, 2015). The major reason why the gove rnment should regulate this firm is because it is the only firm that the whole economy depends on and that the product is on high demand and thus a high possibility of high pricing. Economic regulation has two view; one is that it is interested in the consumers or public welfare by controlling the natural monopoly where a single firms production is more efficient than in a competitive industry. The other view is that producers are interested in the regulation because they depend on it when fixing prices, raising profits and creating entrance barriers. This paper will try to determine whether there is more benefit in regulating a natural monopoly rather than encouraging competition. It will also identify the group that benefit much from the regulation. The theories put forward to explain the strategies the government should implement to regulate the natural monopolies are many. Some of the theories to be covered are the marginal cost pricing, average cost pricing, price caps, etc. All these theories try to establish the way in which the goods offered by the natural monopoly is affordable to the citizens and thus an improvement in social welfare. Other theories such as capture theory and public interest theory shows the interests the government have under regulation. The capture theory tell us that the regulator are interested with the operations of the producer. The public interest theory poses that the interest of the government is on maximizing social welfare by preventing an abuse of market power. Analysis Pettinger (2012) gave several types of natural monopolies and argued that it is more efficient for a single firm to supply the whole economy than a multiple of firms. The reason he posed out is that the fixed costs for the single firm is high and that there is a huge capital requirement to initiate the distribution of the resources supplied by a natural monopoly. He argued that the average cost for the multiple firms would be higher compared to the single firm because this firm already has significant economies of scale. Some of the examples given include tap water; laying of pipes to supply to the entire economy is capital intensive, electricity; its distribution networks are very expensive to initiate, railway transportation; the cost of laying the rails is very high and thus not practically available for competition, the gas distribution and postal services, etc. Economies of scale is the advantage of reduced costs of production enjoyed when a natural monopoly firm produced high l evel of output as shown in the image below. The economies of scale creates a rationale for the government to allow the operation of a natural monopoly rather than allowing competition in this industry. The Average cost of producing Qa units by a multiple of producers is Aca, whereas the cost for producing the higher level quantity Qb by the same natural monopoly is ACb. If a single firm is able to produce quantity Qb at a cost ACB, lets assume that there was entrant of another firm in this industry; if Qb is the maximum level of demand, then it means that the two firms will produce the same level of output; say that each firm produces a half of Qb. This would be at a higher cost as indicated by quantity Qc and cost ACc. This firm has market power for being able to produce at the lowest cost; and this is where the public interest theory comes in. Terry (2012) noted at if there is much benefit for the single firm to supply to the entire economy, the abuse of market power can only be eliminated by the government regulation of pri ce and quantity. Unregulated Natural Monopoly Pricing If the firm was to make its own pricing decision, it would aim at maximizing its profit by producing 10 units of output and selling at $8. This is where its marginal revenue equates its marginal cost (MR = MC) (Welker, 2017). If production took place at this point, the natural monopoly makes an economic profit equal to the shaded area ighj. At this point the consumer surplus is area kij; the consumer surplus is so small and the rest is the producer surplus. This is achievable through causing a deadweight loss equal to jbc. The reason for making an economic profit is that the AC curve at this production point is below the demand curve. The average total cost of producing 10 units is $5 and any price charged above this is the economic profit. Marginal Cost Pricing This is the first option the regulators can consider implementing; this is by ensuring that the optimal social output of 25 units are produced and sold at a social optimal price of $2. This is at the intersection of marginal cost and the industrys demand curve. The government regulation may be such that it forces the natural monopoly to produce at this competitive level and sell at the lower price. If this happens, the natural monopoly will make economic losses since producing 25 units of output requires a cost of $4 which is above the price at which the final output is sold. The economic loss is equivalent to area acdf and may affect the sustainability of the monopolys production in the future. However, its possible for this output to be produced and sold at $2 if only the government subsidized the firm for the economic losses (Economicsonline.co.uk, 2017). This is where the capture theory comes in; the government have to ensure that no losses results on the producers side from prod ucing at the regulated price level. At this point, the consumer surplus is very high and is equivalent to area ack and thus maximizes the social welfare which is the governments goal. There is much benefit for the consumers, while the government subsidies allow the natural monopoly to break even. Average Cost Pricing This is the second option and is considered to be the most appropriate level although the social welfare is not maximized. This is where 20 units of output are produced and sold at the fair-return price shown above. This is at the intersection of the firms ATC and the industrys demand curve (Mankiw, 2011). This is the point at which the firm breaks even and makes no economic profit or loss. Since normal profits are made at this level, regulation would help in sustaining the future production process for this firm. The output produced is higher than the 10 units produced without regulation and the price is lower than $8 the unregulated price. The consumer surplus is also higher than for unregulated monopoly and is equivalent to area kfe. Regulators RPI-X Price Capping This is where the government employs various bodies to limit price increases for utilities such as electricity, water and gas (Tejvan, 2016). The formula used by the regulators is known as the RPI-X where X is the real amount of price increase. An increase is allowable during inflation period. For instance if X is set at 2% and inflation rises by 5%, the natural monopoly may raise price by 5 2 = 3%. The advantage of this is that it is adjustable according to the additional cost requirement where the value of x is reduced. If a natural monopoly is said to be charging high prices, the value of X is raised. It creates an incentive for cost cutting since profit is increased if cost is lowered. The challenge is determining the value of X. Peak Load Pricing This is a two-period kind of price discrimination. There is a period when certain utilities demand is very high and lower in others. This may happen during a single day. An example of such is the electricity consumption; more demand for electricity is experienced during the night as compared to during the day. The peak period is at night and off-peak period during the day. Its advisable for the natural monopolist to charge hiked prices during the peak period and lower prices when demand is low (Schindler, 2012). This increases efficiency because demand is reduced when prices are high; this enables the supplier to meet the increased demand. The peak demand curve is d and the off-peak demand curve is d1. The peak demand quantity is x and the off-peak demand quantity is x1. The peak price is P1 and the off-peak price is P. point A is the peak equilibrium whereas point E is the off-peak equilibrium. There are net gains for increased demand in the off-peak period and reduced demand in the peak period. Peak load pricing is thus advantageous in promoting efficiency in distribution. However, it is a disadvantage to firms whose production operations are tied to peak period since it adds to their production costs. Recommendation A natural monopoly should be maintained as a sole provider of the specific good rather than making this industry a competitive one. It is more economical for the single firm to produce for the whole market demand rather than when more firms are involved. An investor should understand his/her market structure in order to determine the regulations governing the business. Competition is good for an economy, but some natural monopolies should be allowed some market powers with regulation. The various regulations by the government are applicable on different situations which the government should take into consideration. Conclusion It has been deducted from the above research that a natural monopoly is profit oriented if unregulated and thus will only produce the quantity that maximizes its profit (the economic profit level is at MC = MR). At this point, the price for the good charged is unaffordable since its very high. There is lack of competition in this market and this gives the supplying firm significant market power over its output and price; more often, this market power is abused and market price is hiked by limiting output. The government regulates the natural monopoly to ensure that there is sufficient output production that is sold at a lower price by preventing it from maximizing its profit; this is by ensuring that it fixes output and price. There is a challenge for regulators in regulating the price for the natural monopoly; the price that is said to maximize the social welfare is inefficient as it leads to the monopoly making economic losses, and the price charged by the monopoly in order to make some economic profit do reduce the social welfare. The reason for regulation by the government is therefore because it need some firms to retain their monopoly state without abusing their market power. But the outcome of regulation is considered better than without regulation. The research has therefore provided the insight on why natural monopolies should be regulated and also provided various ways in which this can be done. Bibliography Bennett Coleman. (2017). Definition of 'Monopoly'. The Economic Times. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/monopoly. Dharmaratna, D. (2011). Demand, Supply and Welfare Aspects of Pipe-borne Water in Sri Lanka. Cambridge Scholars Pub. Economicsonline.co.uk. (2017). Natural monopolies. Economicsonline.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Natural_monopolies.html. Int'L Business Publications. (2015). Russia energy policy laws and regulations handbook. Intl Business Pubns USA. Kumar, M. (2016). Top 3 Methods of Controlling Monopoly (With Diagram). Economics Discussion. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/monopoly/top-3-methods-of-controlling-monopoly-with-diagram/7294. Mankiw, G. (2011). Principles of economics. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. McEachern, W. A. (2013). Microeconomics: A contemporary introduction. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Molinuevo, M. Sez, S. (2014). Regulatory Assessment Toolkit: A Practical Methodology for Assessing Regulation on Trade and Investment in Services. World Bank Publications. Opentextbc.ca. (2017). Monopoly and Antitrust Policy. Opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics/chapter/11-3-regulating-natural-monopolies/. Pettinger, T. (2012). Natural Monopoly. Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/natural-monopoly/. Schindler, R. (2012). Pricing strategies: A marketing approach. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, Inc. Tejvan. (2016). Regulation of monopoly. Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/regulation-monopoly/. Terry, S. (2012). Antitrust Policy and Regulation. Slideplayer.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/7005833/. Welker, J. (2017). Natural Monopoly and the need for Government Regulation. The Economics Classroom. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://econclassroom.com/?p=3115.

Research Proposal on Consumer Behavior towards Online Purchasing

Question: Discuss about the Research Proposal on Consumer Behaviour Towards Online Purchasing. Answer: Aim and Motivation The growth of the internet has created e-Marketing and online shopping opportunities for the customers around the globe. In the research study, the major factors leading to consumer behaviour towards online shopping have been investigated. By identifying a different class of the demographics, social status, income standards, age, and culture of the different population, the most essential factors influencing online purchasing can be delivered. The primary consumer behavioural study towards the online market can be effectively utilised by the e-commerce businesses operating in the online retail industry in any target market (Soopramanien, 2010). Furthermore, the outcome of the research will be significantly helpful for online marketers to penetrate several target markets according to the online purchasing behaviours of the target demographics. In the contemporary business scenario, the shopping style of the consumers has been changed since the development of the internet. Through the expansion of globalisation, electronic marketing has become an integral part of the consumers (Ozdemir, 2008). Due to the improvement in technology, modern business organisations and retail marketers have created significant strategies at the online platform to convince maximum buyers. Therefore, the study of consumer behaviour towards online shopping can be supportive for the marketers to identify the most influential factors leading to online product purchasing. Research Objectives The primary objective of the research is to conduct an analysis on consumer behaviour towards online purchasing. The study aims to conduct a qualitative research on consumer behaviour to known how consumers react on online purchasing. The study presents different views of consumers towards online purchasing by using different theories on consumer behaviour. On the other hand, it presents the factors that influence the choice of consumers while purchasing products over e-commerce portals (Buchanan, 2011). Hence, the research aims to develop better marketing model for e-commerce businesses to influence customers and attract them towards their products. Hence, a qualitative research method will be used in the study to conduct individual interviews to seek reliable outcomes from the research. Background and Literature Review In the past decade or so, the internet shopping has become one of the trends of retail marketing for the consumers belonged to the high-class society. Akroush and Al-Debei (2015) reviewed the affecting factors leading to online shopping to determine how the consumer attitude directs a customer to purchase a particular product. Al-Debei, Akroush and Ashouri (2015) identified the perceived benefits of online purchasing prompting a consumer to shop using the internet platform. In another review, Chung and Austria (2012) provided the influence of social media messages in online purchasing. The purchasers are guided towards the products promoted at the social media platforms. Conversely, Huang, Schrank and Dubinsky (2014) investigated the effect of brand identity in online product shopping. Decisively, the online shoppers are attracted towards the brand products when purchasing online. Another research of Machleit and Eroglu (2010) described the emotional standpoint at the time of online product purchasing. Basically, the design of a website, product diversification, layout and user efficiency of the website have led to an increased online purchasing to a particular site. Understandably, latest website designs and layouts are leading the online shoppers to buy a product from that side by creating a change in purchasing behaviour. Herein, Mohammed (2014) reviewed the purchasing intentions of the young and adult consumers to identify the factors influencing their shopping tactics. Decisively, the young-adult consumers are largely directed by the information, pricing and product diversification offered by a website. If there are quality products at a reasonable pricing with an effective discount, the young consumers are eagerly purchasing the product verifying the given description. The critical analysis of complex buying behaviour of the purchasers has shown that the online security in the transaction, promotion of the website through social media, references from the locality and affordability of products have impacted the online purchasing behaviour of consumers (Panitapu, 2015). Moreover, Wu (2013) reviewed the exceptional relationship pattern betwee n consumer characteristics and consumer attitude in case of online purchasing. In the review, it is significantly clear that the online marketing ideas, presentation and branding of the business have made a massive influence on the purchasers buying online. In the previous research, it can be seen that the online marketers and retail e-commerce sites utilised significant theories to identify the online purchasing behaviour of the consumers. The study of consumers attitude can be improved through the implementation of Consumer Buying Behaviour Process model so that in online sellers can take certain decisions based on consumers behaviour at the e-commerce platform (Ajzen, 2011). The theoretical model identifies the perception of need and value of a product towards the target demographics to influence the purchasing decision of the online shoppers. Convincingly, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) can be improvised to understand that customers procurement actions are guided by three major considerations i.e. behavioural beliefs, control beliefs and normative beliefs (Madden, Ellen and Ajzen, 2012). Behavioural beliefs lead to the final decision making of the purchasers whereas the other two reflects the attitude of the purchasers in the selection of a product at the online stage (Godin, 2013). Research Gap The online shopping platform is massively driven by the consumer behaviour and customer perception. Hence, the previous research studies focused on the primary shopping behaviours of the online purchasers while buying a product using the online platform. On this note, the contemporary issues and changing purchasing behavioural approach of the modern buyers are seemed to be missing in the previous literature. Also, the impact of latest web-based technologies on the online purchasing has to be determined through the study that has not included in the past research. Typically, the growth of e-commerce platform has seen to be uneven according to the previous research studies (Akroush and Al-Debei, 2015). Hence, a clear standing of the e-commerce market must be identified to ensure the effectiveness of online business. Justifiably, the previous research studies also failed to show the purchasing behaviour of the consumers at the larger perspective. Therefore, an elaborate research will be mandatory to fulfil the missing links. Research Question The primary purpose of the study is to identify the potential factors that influence the buying behaviour of the consumers while purchasing products through online portals. Along with that, it is important to know who the potential online customers in a demography boundary are. Furthermore, it is also important to known how the service and outlook of the portals impacts the choice of the consumers while buying any product from online stores (Cai and Krishnamoorthy, 2015). Along with that, the research aims to know what consumers think about online marketing and analyse the future prospect of the modern marketing model. Hence, the primary research question that will be used to conduct the study is as follows: What are the factors that influence the purchasing of a consumer through online stores? Along with the primary question, there are several secondary questions that must be answered while conducting the study. The secondary research questions are presented herein below: How are the potential online customers in a demographic boundary? What do the consumers currently think about online marketing? What is the future prospect for online marketing? How can digital marketing used in order to influence customers to buy products through online store? Research Design and Methodology Research Design The research design is the blueprint of the study that helps to present the methodology that will be used to conduct the analysis. A descriptive research design has been chosen to conduct the study (Buchanan, 2011). An exploratory approach will be used to analyse the problems and answer the research questions in a thematic manner. Data Sampling It is difficult to consider a huge population due to the limitations of the study. Hence, random sampling method will be used to conduct the interviews. Every one person out of the five will be chosen to present their views on online purchasing (Cai and Krishnamoorthy, 2015). On the other hand, a purposive sampling technique will be used to choose the literatures according that are developed on consumer behaviour to conduct the literature review. Data Collection Collection of data is one of the difficult and lengthy processes of a research study. In this study, the primary data will be collected by conducting individual interviews to observe the current thoughts of the consumers. On the other hand, the secondary data will be collected from the secondary sources such as books, articles, journals, government reports that are published in printed version or are available over the internet (Crawford, 2012). Hence, both of the data collection method will be used in the study to conduct the research. Data Analysis Method A qualitative data analysis method will be used that is mainly exploratory research. The qualitative analysis will be used to gain proper understanding of the problems, its reasons, opinions and motivations. The qualitative analysis will be used to answer the research questions in a thematic manner and draw the findings using prior literatures. The qualitative research will help to observe the trends in opinions and thoughts of the consumers that are quite essential for explaining the findings of the study (Fallman, 2008). Hence, the findings will be presented in a descriptive manner to make it easier for the readers to understand. On the other hand, the findings and results will be supported with the primary data collected from the real life consumers to increase the reliability of the study. Expected Outcome The expected research will primarily identify the booming e-commerce business and its impact on the consumers in the developed as well as emerging markets. Through the analysis and review of the previous literature, a brief understanding of the process can be evaluated to improve the same for future. Meanwhile, from the research study, it will be largely clear that brand identity is an integral part of online shopping. Preferably, the online purchasers including young adults are seemed to purchase brand products on a regular basis using the internet platform. Conversely, the popularity and marketing efficiency of a website have contributed immensely to motivate the customers to the online shopping (Huang, Schrank and Dubinsky, 2014). Other than the branding and site popularity, security and features of an e-commerce website have led to online product purchasing improving the consumers attitude towards a particular site. Invariably, modern buyers consider the retail price and online p roduct pricing on a regular basis before ordering a product online. Hence, the research will identify how the online marketers can manage the pricing to motivate online purchasing. Contribution of the Research The focal point of the research is the factors that influence the online purchasing of the consumers. The research will explain the readers, different influencing factors that affect the purchasing choice of the consumers. The findings of the research will help to develop better online marketing models for the e-commerce marketers to attract consumers to buy products online (Glanville, 2009). Hence, the research contributes to the field of consumer behaviour to develop online marketing models and digital marketing tactics to influence consumers purchasing. Conclusion The purchasing behaviour of the consumer is influenced by different factors while buying products over online portals. Some of the major factors are the discount coupons, the service rendered by the company, the reputation of the firm, the use of internet media and many more. Hence, the research focuses on understanding the factors that influence online purchasing and recommend effective online models for the improvement of e-commerce businesses. Gantt Chart It is important to note that every research has certain limitations. The time constraint is the primary limitation of a research. Hence, it is important to plan the schedule of the primary activities of a research to avoid any sort of uncertainties. The Gantt chart is presented below for further consideration: Gantt Chart Main Activities/ Stages Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Topic Selection Secondary Data Evaluation Preparation of Research Proposal Research Proposal Submission Preparation of literature review Development of research methodology Preparation of interview process Collection of primary data Data Analysis Contrasting findings Drawing discussion Recommendations and Conclusions Final Paper Submission References Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), pp.179-211. Akroush, M. and Al-Debei, M. (2015). An integrated model of factors affecting consumer attitudes towards online shopping.Business Process Management Journal, 21(6), pp.1353-1376. Al-Debei, M., Akroush, M. and Ashouri, M. (2015). Consumer attitudes towards online shopping.Internet Research, 25(5), pp.707-733. Buchanan, M. (2011). Methods of data collection.AORN Journal, 33(1), pp.137-149. Cai, Y. and Krishnamoorthy, K. (2015). A simple improved inferential method for some discrete distributions.Computational Statistics Data Analysis, 48(3), pp.605-621. Chung, C. and Austria, K. (2012). Attitudes Toward Product Messages on Social Media.International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications, 4(4), pp.1-14. Crawford, S. (2012). Evaluation of Web Survey Data Collection Systems.Field Methods, 14(3), pp.307-321. Fallman, D. (2008). The Interaction Design Research Triangle of Design Practice, Design Studies, and Design Exploration.Design Issues, 24(3), pp.4-18. Glanville, R. (2009). Researching Design and Designing Research.Design Issues, 15(2), p.80. Godin, G. (2013). The theories of reasoned action and planned behavior: Overview of findings, emerging research problems and usefulness for exercise promotion.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5(2), pp.141-157. Huang, W., Schrank, H. and Dubinsky, A. (2014). Effect of brand name on consumers' risk perceptions of online shopping.Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(1), pp.40-50. Machleit, K. and Eroglu, S. (2010). Describing and Measuring Emotional Response to Shopping Experience.Journal of Business Research, 49(2), pp.101-111. Madden, T., Ellen, P. and Ajzen, I. (2012). A Comparison of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Theory of Reasoned Action.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), pp.3-9. Mohammed, A. (2014). Deteminants of young consumers' online shopping intention.International Journal of Academic Research, 6(1), pp.475-482. Ozdemir, A. (2008). Shopping Malls: Measuring Interpersonal Distance under Changing Conditions and across Cultures.Field Methods, 20(3), pp.226-248. Panitapu, M. (2015). Consumer Complex Buying Behavior.SSRN Electronic Journal. Soopramanien, D. (2010). Conflicting attitudes and scepticism towards online shopping: the role of experience.International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35(3), pp.338-347. Wu, S. (2013). The relationship between consumer characteristics and attitude toward online shopping.Marketing Intelligence Planning, 21(1), pp.37-44.

Elements of Literature Plot Story Map Definitions to Know Flashcard

Elements of Literature: Plot Story Map Definitions to Know

What Is a Sample UC Essay?

What Is a Sample UC Essay?In order to answer the question 'what is a sample UC essay?' you will need to begin by writing a well-developed essay.The ordinary use of grammar in a work of art can contribute a lot. It is helpful, but it won't do much good if it has no story. If you have a good story or theme that you would like to convey through your work, it is well worth writing out a sample. There are a number of websites and resources where you can find samples to help you with this process.Your idea for a sample might be the topic of an entire blog post. Other people can read the content and comment about it. You can get a sense of the kind of opinion that others would be responding to by reading some of the comments. This can give you ideas on what sort of topic would interest your readers.When you begin writing a sample, there are many things to consider. Do you want a text that is formatted for all students? Or are you only interested in offering one sort of writing experience? I f you have an idea about how your content should be presented, you can incorporate that into your sample.There are often a few questions on your sample which you will want to answer. How will your writing to be evaluated? Is there a requirement that the writing be typed out for someone to see? You should have an idea about these before you begin writing.By the time you have completed your first draft of the sample, you should have a sense of how it will be evaluated. The best way to do this is to write it out as soon as you can. You should have an idea in your mind about what the final document will look like, but after you begin writing you may be surprised by how things change.While you are writing, you will want to look for mistakes. Make sure that they are corrected before the time limit expires. If you can make sure that each error gets fixed before the deadline, that would be even better. Since so many people are turning in essays at the same time, it is a great way to meet ot hers who can offer suggestions on what changes you should make and which errors to look for.You will probably want to have more than one sample UC essay ready. This is because when the deadline comes around, many people will feel the need to submit their own original essays. Having a copy of the original, may also help in helping you determine if you have not done something incorrectly when writing your own essay.

REDS essays

REDS essays Reds, the historical epic written, produced, and directed by Warren Beatty, follows the life of John Reed as it intertwines with Louise Bryant , the Russian Revolution, and other historical characters. Featuring Warren Beatty as John Reed and Diane Keaton as Louise Bryant. Also, including Jack Nicholson as Eugene ONeil and Maureen Stapleton as Emma Goldman. It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Original Screenplay, and more. The movie only won three awards; however, Best Director, Best Cinematography, and Best Supporting Actress. The movie begins in 1917, in Portland, where Bryant and Reed meet. Almost immediately the scene changes to New York, as Bryant moves to live with Reed there. They begin a love affair, but Bryant never really fits in or makes friends of her own. They are both journalists and Reed is actively involved with communism. He is so involved with his work that he did not spend enough time with Bryant to make her feel loved. Eventually, while Reed is away, Bryant begins a love affair with a friend, great American playwright Eugene ONeil. This lasts through Reeds absence, but when he returns he proposes to her and they get married. ONeil discovers the marriage and is extremely angry with Bryant. They do not leave on good terms. Eventually Reed discovers the romance that happened between ONeil and Bryant, and they separate. Meanwhile, they both continue their work. On the brink of the Russian Revolution, Reed decides to go to Russia and cover the story. He invites Bryant to go with him. They go there and remain for many months taking notes on the Russian Revolution. They return to the US, and decide to give their marriage another chance while they write their separate books dealing with the revolution. Eventually, he needs to return to Russia to try and get endorsement for an American Communist Party. When h ...

Discussion Board 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 4 - Essay Example various options such as empathic and objective listening, nonjudgmental and critical listening, surface depth listening, polite and impolite listening, and finally, active and inactive listening. All of these options are used during a given moment in time. Each type of listening activity is dependent upon the existing conditions that may distract the attention of the listener and thus require an adjustment in his listening attention abilities. The culture and gender of the listeners have a direct effect on their ability to effectively listen to their peers. Admittedly, people never listen to each other the same way, each person listens to an responds to others in unique methods that are dictated by his ability to listen. The culture of a person has preconditioned him to listen to his peers in a certain way and it is this method that he will use regardless of the differing culture of the next person he listens to. This is almost the same reason as to why men and women have different ways of listening to others and each other. Women tend to listen in order to share feelings and establish closer relationships with their peers. Men on the other hand use listening as a method by which they can flaunt their natural or artificial abilities with his peers. Therefore, the focus of man is mostly on sharing information with one another. Women on the other hand seek to come to an agreement amongst themselves while discussing and list ening to one another. Therefore, the two sexes have distinct listening styles that are geared towards their gender specific roles and expectations within a given

Using Facebook at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Using Facebook at Work - Essay Example People tend to spend hours and hours of their time stocking other profiles, uploading photos, commenting on photos, updating their statuses and catching up with their numerous friends. Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Tagged, etc. although prove beneficial in building up your social network and strengthening relations its use has many adverse effects as well particularly when you are using Facebook while you are at your workplace. Using Facebook at work place has a very few advantages and benefits in comparison to the great many drawbacks and threats it poses to its users as well as the security of the office or the company. Though the use of Facebook is permitted in some companies but many companies have banned the use of Facebook during work hours or limited the access for its users. Advancements in technologies and introduction of smartphones and other multi-purpose devices have made the access to such networking very easy and have brought about problems fo r the offices and companies who do not allow its use. These sites may be of great use if used domestically or at home because it helps you to keep you linked to all your family members, friends, colleagues, workmates and to build new acquaintances but it certainly is not of much use while used during office hours (Sutherland 2011). Executives and managers of many different offices and companies do not allow the use of Facebook to their employees during the office hours. The offices have mentioned in their policy that it is strictly prohibited to use Facebook while at work and can have serious implications if found using in the office. The major reason why the officials are against of using Facebook is that they are major attention diverters. When you get yourself logged into Facebook and start navigating through the page it seems as if the world has stopped behind you and you do not realize how much you have spent just scrolling through pages, visiting